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Fig. 2 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 2. The German coleopterist Edgar von Harold (1830–1886), one of the first specialists in scarab beetles and author of the only 19th century revision of Canthon Hoffmannsegg, 1817, in which 97 species were recognized as valid, 46 as new. Harold described two species today positioned in Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977: S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. and S. candezei (Harold, 1869) (portrait courtesy of Editha Schubert, from the archives of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut; title page of Harold's revision of Canthon scanned from an original copy housed at the first author's personal library).
Fig. 1 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 1. Authors who initiated the studies on 'Canthon sensu lato' in the first half of the 19th century. A. The German naturalist Johann Centurius Graf von Hoffmannsegg (1766–1849), author of the genus Canthon (image courtesy of Editha Schubert, from the archives of the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut). B. The French entomologist Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833), author of Ateuchus septemmaculatus Latreille, 1807, species treated in detail by Hoffmannsegg (1817) in his description of Canthon. Latreille was also the author of Coprobius, name considered valid for decades before being synonymized with Canthon by Harold (1868a) (image courtesy of the United States National Library of Medicine).
Fig. 5 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 5. Subdentate tarsal claws in different groups of dung beetles. The presence of this form of tarsal claw was seen as evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between several groups of Scarabaeinae distributed over the continents of former Gondwana. A. Protarsal claws of Sylvicanthon proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. Red arrow indicates the basal agularity of the claw. B. Pseudocanthon vitraci (Fleutiaux & Sallé, 1889) (modified from Matthews 1966). C. Canthonella parva (Chapin, 1930) (modified from Halffter & Martínez 1967). D. Lepanus penelopae Matthews & Weir, 2002 (left) and L. loftyensis Matthews & Weir, 2002 (right) (modified from Matthews & Weir 2002). E. Oficanthon mirabilis Paulian, 1985 (modified from Paulian 1985).
Fig. 26 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 26. Sylvicanthon candezei (Harold, 1869) type material. A. a. Lectotype. b. Labels of lectotype. c. Labels of paralectotype 3. B. The four localities where S. candezei type series may have been collected by Bates in the lower Tapajós region in 1852 (see discussion in the text). C. The English naturalist Henry Walter Bates (1825–1892), the collector of the S. candezei type series (modified from Bidau 2014).
Fig. 19 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 19. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. securus (Schmidt, 1920) comb. nov. B. S. obscurus (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. furvus (Schmidt, 1920). D. S. monnei sp. nov. E. S. mayri sp. nov.
Fig. 22 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 22. Distribution of Sylvicanthon enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. Note that the species occupies transition zones between the Amazonia, Cerrado, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes, regions much dryer and more open than the humid forests occupied by the species of the candezei group.
Fig. 17 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 17. Aedeagus morphological diversity in Sylvicanthon. A. S. enkerlini (Martínez et al., 1964) comb. nov. B. S. foveiventris (Schmidt, 1920). C. S. candezei (Harold, 1869) (arrows points to the ventral notch). D. S. genieri sp. nov. (idem). E. S. aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868). F. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov.
Fig. 37 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 37. Sylvicanthon seag sp. nov. A. Dorsal view of a bicolour specimen (present only on the banks of the Amazon River and in the Brazilian state of Maranhão). B. Dorsal view of a bluish specimen. C. Dorsal view of a greenish specimen. D. Ventral view of a greenish specimen.
Fig. 31 in A monographic revision of the Neotropical dung beetle genus Sylvicanthon Halffter & Martínez, 1977 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini), including a reappraisal of the taxonomic history of 'Canthon sensu lato'
Fig. 31. Metafemora of the two species of the aequinoctialis subgroup. A. Sylvicanthon aequinoctialis (Harold, 1868) comb. nov. B. S. proseni (Martínez, 1949) stat. et comb. nov. Arrow indicates the basal end of the posterior margin of the ventral face of metafemora (note that it is longer in S. aequinoctialis comb. nov. than in S. proseni stat. et comb. nov. and may exceed the trochanter in the first species).
Figure 3 in Biotic components of dung beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Pantanal - Cerrado Border and its implications for Chaco regionalization
Figure 3. Generalized tracks (GT A–L) of dung beetles, different biotic components observed in the Pantanal–Cerrado Border.
Figures 34–42 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 34–42. Melanocanthon nigricornis (Say). 34) Dorsal view of head. 35) Dorsal view of pronotum. 36) Dorsal view of left elytron. 37) Lateral view of abdomen. 38) Lateral view of midbody. 39) Lateral view of metatarsus. 40) Lateral view of parameres. 41) Apical view of parameres. 42) Apical view of deformed parameres.
Figures 27–33 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 27–33. Melanocanthon granulifer (Schmidt). 27) Dorsal view of head. 28) Dorsal view of left elytron. 29) Dorsal view of pronotum. 30) Lateral view of midbody. 31) Lateral view of parameres. 32) Apical view of parameres. 33) Lateral view of metatarsus.
Figures 51–58 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 51–58. Melanocanthon bispinatus (Robinson). 51) Dorsal view of head. 52) Dorsal view of pronotum. 53) Dorsal view pronotal disk. 54) Dorsal view of left elytron. 55) Lateral view of metatarsus. 56) Oblique lateral view parameres. 57) Apical view of parameres (arrow indicates oval gap). 58) Lateral view parameres.
Figures 16–19 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 16–19. Distributions of Melanocanthon species. 16) By-county distributions of M. vulturnus and M. punctaticollis. 17) Same, M. granulifer and M. nigricornis. 18) Same, M. bispinatus. 19) Central United States, rectangle demarcates area of potential sympatry between M. bispinatus and M. nigricornis (see text for explanation).
Figures 9–14 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 9–14. Generic features of Melanocanthon. 9) M. bispinatus (Robinson), oblique frontal view of pronotum highlighting microsetae. 10) Same, posterior view of pygidium. 11) Same, dorsal profile of habitus (image darkened to enhance silhouette). 12) Same, dorsal view of forebody. 13) Boreocanthon puncticollis (LeConte), dorsal profile of habitus (image darkened to enhance silhouette). 14) Canthon bispinus Harold, dorsal view of head.
Figures 20–26 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 20–26. Melanocanthon punctaticollis (Schaeffer). 20) Dorsal view of head. 21) Same, deformed head margin. 22) Dorsal view of pronotum. 23) Apical view of parameres. 24) Caudal view of pygidium. 25) Dorsal view of left elytron. 26) Lateral view of metatarsus.
Figures 1–8 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 1–8. Generic features of Melanocanthon. 1) M. bispinatus (Robinson) habitus in vivo, New Hanover County, North Carolina. 2) M. nigricornis, habitus in vivo, Lake County, Illinois. 3) M. granulifer (Schmidt), right protibia-tarsus of male. 4) Same, frontal view middle portion clypeus (square encloses area magnified in Figure 5). 5) Same, spiniform clypeal process. 6) Same, shape of clypeal process modified by wear. 7) Same, lateral view of portion of head and prothorax. 8) Same, ventral view of head (arrow indicates labio-gular fimbria).
Figures 43–50. Melanocanthon vulturnus, new species. 43 in Taxonomic review of the North American dung beetle genus Melanocanthon Halffter, 1958 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Deltochilini)
Figures 43–50. Melanocanthon vulturnus, new species. 43) Dorsal view of pronotum. 44) Same, augmented to emphasize granulation. 45) Lateral view of metatarsus. 46) Dorsal view of left elytron. 47) Dorsal view of interstriae 1–6. 48) Lateral view of aedeagus. 49) Apical view of parameres. 50) Frontal view of head.
Figs 31–36 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East
Figs 31–36. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a large tunnelers (n=598) dung-beetles: 31–32 – untransformed data; 33–36 – log-logarithmic transformation data; 31 – exponential function model (R2=0.8205, AIC=5.08E05); 32 – logistic function model (R2=0.8276, AIC=4.88E05); 33 – linear function model (R2=0.5047, AIC=30.24); 34 – quadratic function model (R2=0.7814, AIC=17.61); 35 – power function model (R2=0.7089, AIC=21.44); 36 – exponential function model (R2=0.6979, AIC=22.03).
Figs 25–30 in Estimation of biomass of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Russian Far East
Figs 25–30. Models of length-weight relationship and functions for a large dwellers (figs 25–27, n=599) and large tunnelers (figs 28–30, n=598) dung-beetles: 23–27 – loglogarithmic transformation data; 28–30 – untransformed data; 25 – power function model (R2=0.5119, AIC=10.58); 26 – exponential function model (R2=0.5138, AIC=10.60); 27 – logistic function model (R2=0.5154, AIC=10.59); 28 – linear function model (R2=0.7259, AIC=7.75E09); 29 – quadratic function model (R2=0.8459, AIC=4.36E05); 30 – power function model (R2=0.813, AIC=4.77E05). 25
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