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88 results for “elk”
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of farmland acres (total) in units of acre on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains farmland acres (total) measurements in acre units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of population employed in commerce (percent of total) in units of percent on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains population employed in commerce (percent of total) measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of population employed at farms (percent of total) in units of percent on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains population employed at farms (percent of total) measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of population employed in manufacturing (percent of total) in units of percent on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains population employed in manufacturing (percent of total) measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of population employed in service (percent of total) in units of percent on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains population employed in service (percent of total) measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of percent urban population in units of percent on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains percent urban population measurements in percent units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of human population density in units of numberPerKilometerSquared on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains human population density measurements in numberPerKilometerSquared units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of human population (total) in units of number on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains human population (total) measurements in number units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
Konza Prairie site, station Elk County, KS (FIPS 20049), study of population (urban) in units of number on a yearly timescale
The EcoTrends project was established in 2004 by Dr. Debra Peters (Jornada Basin LTER, USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range) and Dr. Ariel Lugo (Luquillo LTER, USDA-FS Luquillo Experimental Forest) to support the collection and analysis of long-term ecological datasets. The project is a large synthesis effort focused on improving the accessibility and use of long-term data. At present, there are ~50 state and federally funded research sites that are participating and contributing to the EcoTrends project, including all 26 Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites and sites funded by the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), USDA Forest Service, US Department of Energy, US Geological Survey (USGS) and numerous universities. Data from the EcoTrends project are available through an exploratory web portal (http://www.ecotrends.info). This web portal enables the continuation of data compilation and accessibility by users through an interactive web application. Ongoing data compilation is updated through both manual and automatic processing as part of the LTER Provenance Aware Synthesis Tracking Architecture (PASTA). The web portal is a collaboration between the Jornada LTER and the LTER Network Office. The following dataset from Konza Prairie (KNZ) contains population (urban) measurements in number units and were aggregated to a yearly timescale.
LTREB: Yaha Tinda Elk Project
<p>The Ya Ha Tinda Elk project is now amongst the longest running elk research project in the world. Initiated in 2000, the Ya Ha Tinda elk project is the result of a collaboration between University of Alberta, University of Montana, Parks Canada, and Alberta Environment and Parks, Fish and Wildlife Division. While early studies in the late 1970's and early 1980's lead by Dr. Luigi Morgantini laid the foundation for our latter studies (Morgantini and Hudson 1988), there was a ~ 20-year gap in active research on Alberta's most important elk population. Initiated at first because of questions regarding the changing migratory dynamics of the migratory Ya Ha Tinda elk population, the project has since evolved into North America's longest running wild, free-ranging elk research projects focused on fundamental and applied research.</p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span><span>The Ya Ha Tinda is one of Alberta's most pristine montane rough fescue winter ranges and elk which provides the habitat foundation for one of Canada's most iconic and largest populations. The Ya Ha Tinda elk population is also a transboundary system, with annual elk migratory cycles that have spanned two provinces (elk have migrated into Yoho National Park, British Columbia), two land management regimes including Banff National Park, Provincial Forest Land Use Zones, and Provincial multiple use zones. Ya Ha Tinda is also managed as a premier bull elk harvest area that provides much sought-after hunting opportunities to residents and guided hunters alike. Meaning mountain prairie in the Stoney Sioux language, Ya Ha Tinda has long been important to First Nation communities for hunting and traditional land use practices. And the region is also home to recovered populations of grizzly bears, wolves, and other large mammal predator-prey species, including for the first time in over a century – Plains bison. In this transboundary setting, our long-term research has contributed directly to enhancing interagency cooperation and management of this important elk population. </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span><span>Our long-term studies have documented dramatic changes in migratory behavior and population dynamics arising from this complex landscape of gradients in carnivore densities, habitat productivity, and differences in land management practices. Over the last 30-40 years migrant to resident ratios have substantially decreased from 12:1 (1977-1987, (Morgantini and Hudson 1988)), 3:1 in the early 2000's (Hebblewhite et al. 2006), to more recently a ratio closer to 1:1 (Berg 2019). Early studies in the 2000's demonstrated that migratory elk moving west into BNP experienced much higher forage quality which translated to higher calf 8-month old weights and higher pregnancy rates (Hebblewhite et al. 2008). Yet western migrants also experienced reduced predation risk from wolves, but higher risk from grizzly bear predation (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, MacAulay 2019). Resident elk remaining year-round near Ya Ha Tinda, in contrast, experienced lower forage quality, but, compensated for this by reducing predation risk by seeking out fine-scale predation risk refugia surrounding human development at the Ya Ha Tinda (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009, Robinson et al. 2010). Commensurate with these shifts in the migratory dynamics of this population have been correspondingly significant population shifts and changes (Hebblewhite et al. 2006, Killeen et al. 2015, Berg 2019). </span></span></p> <p class="CxSpMiddle"><span><span>In the last decade, a new migratory strategy has emerged with female elk now undertaking an eastward migration into Provincial multiple use lands in and adjacent to the 2001 Dogrib fire (Killeen et al. 2015). Long-term research revealed individual elk are making density-dependent switches in migratory behavior, evidently to seek out these new beneficial areas (Eggeman et al. 2016). In 2013 – 2017, we lead a neonate calf survival research component to understand spatial variation in calf survival (Berg 2019). Calf survival and cow:calf ratios have indicated that calf survival of elk migrating east on to industrial forest experienced higher calf survival. In January 2019, Jodi Berg defended her PhD thesis on elk calf survival, and her thesis details are provided in our publications section below. This new migratory behavior has seemingly stabilized the Ya Ha Tinda elk population, which has fluctuated between 400 – 600 elk now for almost a decade. Our long-term predator-prey research shows, however, that this stabilization is not likely a result of wolf or grizzly bear predation stabilizing the population at low density (Hebblewhite et al. 2018). Instead, our research suggests that migratory behavior itself may be providing escape from low densities (Hebblewhite et al. 2018). </span></span></p>
Data from: Managing more than the mean: using quantile regression to identify factors related to large elk groups
1. Animal group size distributions are often right-skewed, whereby most groups are small, but most individuals occur in larger groups that may also disproportionately affect ecology and policy. In this case, examining covariates associated with upper quantiles of the group size distribution could facilitate better understanding and management of large animal groups. 2. We studied wintering elk groups in Wyoming, where group sizes span several orders of magnitude, and issues of disease, predation and property damage are affected by larger group sizes. We used quantile regression to evaluate relationships between the group size distribution and variables of land use, habitat, elk density and wolf abundance to identify conditions important to larger elk groups. 3. We recorded 1263 groups ranging from 1 to 1952 elk and found that across all quantiles of group size, group sizes were larger in open habitat and on private land, but the largest effect occurred between irrigated and non-irrigated land [e.g. the 90th quantile group size increased by 135 elk (95% CI = 42, 227) on irrigation]. 4. Only upper quantile group sizes were positively related to broad-scale measures of elk density and wolf abundance. For wolf abundance, this effect was greater on elk groups found in open habitats and private land than those in closed habitats or public land. If we had limited our analysis to mean or median group sizes, we would not have detected these effects. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our analysis of elk group size distributions using quantile regression suggests that private land, irrigation, open habitat, elk density and wolf abundance can affect large elk group sizes. Thus, to manage larger groups by removal or dispersal of individuals, we recommend incentivizing hunting on private land (particularly if irrigated) during the regular and late hunting seasons, promoting tolerance of wolves on private land (if elk aggregate in these areas to avoid wolves) and creating more winter range and varied habitats. Relationships to the variables of interest also differed by quantile, highlighting the importance of using quantile regression to examine response variables more completely to uncover relationships important to conservation and management.
FIGURE 3 in Crystallaria cincotta, a new species of darter (Teleostei: Percidae) from the Elk River of the Ohio River drainage, West Virginia
FIGURE 3. Sheared PC2 by sheared PC3 scatter plot of Crystallaria asprella from the Gulf Slope (open squares), lower Mississippi River (open triangles), middle Mississippi River (open diamonds), upper Mississippi River (open circles), and Wabash River (plus signs), and Crystallaria cincotta from the Cumberland River (solid triangle), Elk River (solid diamonds), Green River (solid circle), and Muskingum River (solid square).
Wildfire extends the shelf-life of elk nutritional resources regardless of fire severity
<p>Large-scale, high severity wildfires are increasingly frequent across the western United States. Fire severity affects the amount of vegetation removed and helps dictate what, where, and how many plants regenerate postfire, potentially altering the available habitat and nutritional landscape for wildlife. To evaluate the effects of fire severity on summer nutritional resources for elk (Cervus canadensis), we collected field data and remotely sensed information in years two and three after a large-scale wildfire to compare forage quality and quantity across forest types and fire severities within the summer range of one elk population in west-central Montana. To understand the landscape level effects of fire severity on nutritional resources, we developed predictive forage quality and quantity models. We used these models to predict nutritional resources across the landscape for four scenarios representing different fire severity patterns (i.e., an unburned landscape, a landscape burned only at low severity, a landscape burned only at high severity, and the observed landscape burned at a mixed severity). Shortly after the wildfire, summer forage quality and herbaceous forage quantity increased in both mesic and dry mixed conifer forests regardless of fire severity. Summer shrub forage quantity was greater in unburned mesic and dry forests, and there was no difference between fire severities in dry forests. Low severity burned mesic forests had significantly greater shrub forage quantity compared to high severity burned mesic forests. The three predicted fire scenarios had the highest percentage of the summer range with adequate forage quality which increased throughout the summer. In contrast, the predicted unburned landscape had the lowest percentage of adequate forage quality which decreased throughout the summer. Wildfire extended the duration in which elk can access high quality forage in the summer in years two and three postfire. Therefore, shortly after a large-scale wildfire, elk may be better able to meet their nutritional requirements which may positively impact elk body condition, reproductive performance, and survival.</p>
Summer elk habitat selection in southwest Montana
<p>Data used in Ranglack et al. (in review), Modeling broad-scale patterns of elk summer resource selection in Montana using regional and population-specific models.</p> <p>Understanding animal distribution is important for the management of populations and their habitats. Across the western United States, elk (<em>Cervus canadensis</em>) provide important ecological, cultural, and economic benefits and the sound management of their habitats is of vital importance. In western Montana, National Forest lands are managed in part to provide and protect elk habitat needs, and summer elk habitat is managed with consideration to motorized routes. We evaluated the relative importance of nutritional resources, access routes, and other landscape attributes on elk summer resource selection at multiple spatial scales, and compared resource selection among 9 different southwestern Montana elk populations to determine the applicability of generalized regional models for informing habitat management recommendations. First, we developed 9 population-specific and 2 regional summer resource selection models. Second, we evaluated the performance of each model within and among elk populations using cross-validation scores to identify the best model. We found that in all populations nutritional resources, best represented using NDVI metrics, were the most important factors associated with elk summer resource selection. Access routes affected resource selection in all populations, however, the influence of access routes was relatively modest as compared to nutritional resources. Of the access route covariates we considered, the density of all routes (i.e., routes open and closed to motorized use) explained the most variation in summer elk resource selection. Validation of population-specific resource selection models among populations revealed that in many cases model predictions extrapolated to areas outside of the development area had modest to poor predictive performance, especially as the distance from the modeled population increased. Thus, caution should be used when extrapolating resource selection models based on a single study population to other populations. Regional models of resource selection predicted resource selection across populations better than population-specific models, particularly when constructed by pooling data from multiple populations, and we recommend these types of models be used to inform regional habitat management policies. Our results suggest that managers should expand the current management paradigm for elk summer habitat that is focused on limiting access route density to also consider nutritional resources as an important component of elk summer habitat.</p>
Managing Human-Wildlife Interactions: Ecological and Financial Assessment of Elk Feedground Closure in Teton County
<p>Teton County in Western Wyoming is home to large working landscapes, a national park, and the nation's largest elk herd, the Jackson herd. It is also one of the few places in the Western United States that still operates elk feedgrounds, where the artificial feeding of these large mammals has resulted in high density populations over small areas, leading to increased disease transmission and prevalence. A disease of primary concern is brucellosis (<em>Brucella abortus</em>) which can be transmitted from elk to cattle and result in financial burdens for ranchers through quarantine, depopulation, reduced milk production, or calf abortions. This project aimed to better understand the complex social and ecological dynamics of elk feedgrounds in order to assess the feasibility of implementing financial tools that would mitigate the effects of disease transmission and wildlife presence risks of a simulated feedground closure. Our goal is to help improve human-wildlife coexistence on Wyoming's private and public lands. To accomplish this, we completed a Public Comment Sentiment Analysis, a Jackson Herd Habitat Connectivity Model, a Brucellosis Transmission Risk Model, and an Analysis of Financial Repercussions of Feedground Closure. These methods resulted in the assessment of two financial tools, a brucellosis compensation fund and an elk rent program, which we recommend to be implemented in Teton County. This project will serve to better inform the Property and Environment Research Center on potential methods for improving human-wildlife interactions and coexistence in Teton County through the understanding of where elk move on private lands, transmission of disease from elk to cattle, and the impacts that the cessation of feeding could cause on subsequent stakeholders, specifically the financial implications for ranchers.</p>
Fig. 2. Elk Falls, habitat. A in Rediscovery ofLutrochus laticepsCasey, 1893 (Coleoptera: Lutrochidae) and the Discovery ofDineutus productusRoberts, 1895 andDineutus serrulatus analisRégimbart, 1882 (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) in Kansas, USA, with Notes on Habitat Preference
Fig. 2. Elk Falls, habitat. A) Pointer indicates area of falls where Lutrochus laticeps was found, B) Pointer indicates microhabitat of L. laticeps, C) Pointer indicates L. laticeps in moist moss, D) G. Gustafson and C. Faris collecting L. laticeps from falls.
Data from: Predicting multi-predator risk to elk (Cervus canadensis) in summer using predator scats
<p><span>1. There is growing evidence that prey perceive the risk of predation and alter their behaviour in response, resulting in changes in spatial distribution and potential fitness consequences. Previous approaches to mapping predation risk across a landscape quantify predator space use to estimate potential predator-prey encounters, yet this approach does not account for successful predator attack resulting in prey mortality. An exception is a prey kill site that reflects an encounter resulting in mortality, but obtaining information on kill sites is expensive and requires time to accumulate adequate sample sizes.</span></p> <p><span><span>2. We illustrate an alternative approach using predator scat locations and their contents to quantify spatial predation risk for elk <i>(Cervus canadensis</i>) from multiple predators in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada. We surveyed over 1300km to detect scats of bears (<i>Ursus arctos/U. americanus</i>), cougars (<i>Puma concolor</i>), coyotes (<i>Canis latrans</i>), and wolves (<i>C. lupus</i>). To derive spatial predation risk, we combined predictions of scat-based resource selection functions (RSFs) weighted by predator abundance with predictions that a predator-specific scat in a location contained elk. We evaluated the scat-based predictions of predation risk by correlating them to predictions based on elk kill sites. We also compared scat-based predation risk on summer ranges of elk following three migratory tactics for consistency with telemetry-based metrics of predation risk and cause-specific mortality of elk.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. We found a strong correlation between the scat-based approach presented here and predation risk predicted by kill sites and (<i>r</i> = 0.98, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Elk migrating east of the Ya Ha Tinda winter range were exposed to the highest predation risk from cougars, resident elk summering on the Ya Ha Tinda winter range were exposed to the highest predation risk from wolves and coyotes, and elk migrating west to summer in Banff National Park were exposed to highest risk of encountering bears, but it was less likely to find elk in bear scats than in other areas. These patterns were consistent with previous estimates of spatial risk based on telemetry of collared predators and recent cause-specific mortality patterns in elk. </span></span></p> <p>4. A scat-based approach can provide a cost-efficient alternative to kill sites of quantifying broad-scale, spatial patterns in risk of predation for prey particularly in multiple predator species systems.</p>
Density-dependent changes in elk resource selection over successional time scales following forest disturbance
<p>There is an increasing need to understand how animals respond to modifications of their habitat following landscape-scale disturbances such as wildfire or timber harvest. Such disturbances can promote increased use by herbivores due to changes in plant community structure that improve forage conditions, but can also cause avoidance if other habitat functions provided by cover are substantially reduced or eliminated. Quantifying the total effects of these disturbances, however, is challenging because they may not fully be apparent unless observed at successional timescales. Further, the effects of disturbances that improve habitat quality may be density dependent such that the benefits are 1) less valuable to high-density populations because the per-capita benefits are reduced when shared among more users, or alternatively, 2) more valuable to animals living in high densities because resources may be more depleted from greater intraspecific competition. We used 30 years of telemetry data on elk occurring at two distinct population densities to quantify changes in space use at diel, monthly, and successional timescales following timber harvest. Elk selected for logged areas at night only, with selection strongest during mid-summer, and peak selection occurring 14 years post-harvest but persisting for 26–33 years. This pattern of increased selection at night following a reduction in overhead canopy cover is consistent with elk exploiting improved nutritional conditions for foraging. The magnitude of selection for logged areas was 73% higher for elk at low population density, consistent with predictions from the ideal free distribution. Yet elk avoided these same areas during daytime up to 28 years post-logging and instead selected for untreated forest, suggesting a role for cover to meet other life history requirements. Our results demonstrate that while landscape-scale disturbances can lead to increased selection by large herbivores suggesting the improvement in foraging conditions can persist over short-term successional timescales, the magnitude of the benefits may not be equal across population densities. Further, the enduring avoidance of logging treatments during daytime indicates a need for structurally-intact forest and suggests that a mosaic of forest patches of varying successional stages and structural completeness will likely be most beneficial to large herbivores.</p>
Data from: Predicting multi-predator risk to elk (Cervus canadensis) in summer using predator scats
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Data from: Managing more than the mean: using quantile regression to identify factors related to large elk groups
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