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78 results for “endemic bird”
Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species
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Data from: Bird diversity and endemism along a land-use gradient in Madagascar: the conservation value of vanilla agroforests
<div> <div> <p>Land-use change is the most important driver of biodiversity loss worldwide and particularly so in the tropics, where natural habitats are transformed into large-scale monocultures or heterogeneous landscape mosaics of largely unknown conservation value. Using birds as an indicator taxon, we evaluated the conservation value of a landscape mosaic in north-eastern Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot and the center of global vanilla production. We assessed bird species richness and composition by conducting point counts across seven prevalent land-use types (forest- and fallow-derived vanilla agroforests, woody and herbaceous fallow that are part of a shifting cultivation system, rice paddy, forest fragment and contiguous old-growth forest). We find that old-growth forest had the highest species richness, driven by a high share of endemics. Species richness and community composition in forest-derived vanilla agroforest was similar to forest fragment, whereas fallow-derived vanilla agroforest was most comparable to woody fallow. The open land-use types herbaceous fallow and rice paddy had fewest species. Across forest fragment, vanilla agroforests and woody fallow, endemic bird species richness was positively correlated to landscape-scale forest cover. We conclude that both fallow- and forest-derived vanilla agroforests play an important but contrasting role for bird conservation in the landscape: Fallow-derived agroforests are less valuable but take fallow land out of the shifting cultivation cycle, possibly preventing further degradation. Conversely, forest-derived agroforests contribute to forest degradation but may avoid total loss of forest fragments. Considering the land-use history of agroforests may thus be a promising avenue for future research beyond the case of vanilla.</p> </div> </div>
Dataset of five citizen science platforms with reagards endemic bird species of the Atlantic Forest
<p>Data on the contribution of observers of five different citizen science platforms in Brazil (eBird, WikiAves, Biofaces, iNaturalist, and Táxeus) related to endemic bird species in the Atlantic Forest.</p>
Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
<p>Abundance measures are almost non-existent for several bird species threatened with extinction, particularly range-restricted Neotropical taxa, for which estimating population sizes can be challenging. Here we use data collected over nine years to explore the abundance of 11 endemic birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), one of Earth's most irreplaceable ecosystems. We established 99 transects in the "Cuchilla de San Lorenzo" Important Bird Area within native forest, early successional vegetation, and areas of transformed vegetation by human activities. A total of 763 bird counts were carried out covering the entire elevation range in the study area (~175–2650 m). We applied hierarchical distance-sampling models to assess elevation- and habitat-related variation in local abundance and obtain values of population density and total and effective population size. Most species were more abundant in the montane elevational range (1800–2650 m). Habitat-related differences in abundance were only detected for five species, which were more numerous in either early succession, secondary forest, or transformed areas. Inferences of effective population size indicated that at least four endemics likely maintain populations no larger than 15,000–20,000 mature individuals. Estimates of species' area of occupancy and effective population size were lower than most values previously described, a possible consequence of increasing anthropogenic threats. At least four of the endemics exceeded criteria for threatened species listing and a thorough evaluation of their extinction risk should be conducted. Population strongholds for most of the study species were located on the northern and western slopes of the SNSM between 1500–2700 m. We highlight the urgent need for facilitating effective protection of native vegetation in premontane and montane ecosystems to safeguard critical habitats for the SNSM's endemic avifauna. Follow-up studies collecting abundance data across the SNSM are needed to obtain precise range-wide density estimations for all species.</p>
Data from: Sequential use of niche and occupancy models identifies conservation and research priority areas for two data-poor endemic birds from the Colombian Andes
<p>The lack of high-quality information on data-poor species can hinder efforts to inform conservation actions via spatial distribution modeling. This is particularly true for tropical birds of conservation concern, for which ecological studies and assessments of their conservation status have received limited funding. Here we use a cost- and time-efficient protocol for assessing the distribution of range-restricted taxa and to identify priority areas for their conservation based on a sequential application of Environmental Niche Models (ENMs) and Occupancy-Detection Models. This approach first uses available geographical information and niche-theory to prioritize potential study sites, which can later be surveyed to obtain high-quality presence-absence data to accurately model distributional ranges with limited resources. We apply this protocol to identify priority areas for two Neotropical birds of conservation concern endemic to the Colombian Andes: Yellow-headed Brush-finch (<i>Atlapetes flaviceps</i>) and Tolima Dove (<i>Leptotila conoveri</i>). We first fitted ENMs using spatially-filtered datasets containing all available records up to 2018. We then conducted field surveys across climatically suitable areas identified for both species, carrying out a total of 1750 counts to generate input data for the occupancy models. Overall, our results suggested more extended and more continuous distribution ranges for both species than previously reported, but also identified population strongholds that are not currently represented within the national protected areas system. Both species occupied a narrow elevational belt (~1300–2600) of the Central Andes of Colombia primarily on the slopes of the Magdalena River valley, with isolated populations in the Western and Eastern Andes; these areas have undergone some of the most marked landscape transformations in Colombia. This straightforward protocol maximizes available information and minimizes costs, while allowing for estimation of occurrence probabilities for range-restricted, data-poor taxa.</p>
Occupancy of two Colombian endemic birds (Habia gutturalis) and White-Mantled Barbet (Capito hypoleucus) in fragmented forests of the Central Andes in Colombia
<p>The Sooty Ant-Tanager (<em>Habia gutturalis</em>) and White-mantled Barbet (<em>Capito hypoleucus</em>) are endangered and endemic birds of Colombia. Both species have small geographic ranges and presumably low population sizes possibly due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. In order to estimate the effects of landscape features on the occupancy of both species, we sampled a variety of landscape configurations within the buffer zones of two hydroelectric impoundments in the Central Andes of Colombia and applied occupancy models to estimate the proportion of area occupied as a function of these covariates. We surveyed 35 point-counts in each hydroelectric impoundment, between June and July of 2014 and 2015. We used single-season models to estimate occupancy while recognizing imperfect detection. Mean occupancy estimates in the study area were similar for both species (0.61 SD=0.33 for the Sooty Ant-Tanager and 0.63 SD=0.25 for the White-mantled). Nonetheless, occupancy probability within the study area was very different between them. The best model for the Sooty Ant-Tanager indicated a decrease in occupancy with elevation, whereas the top model for the White-mantled Barbet indicated an increase in occupancy with distance from streams. Detection probabilities were similar for both species (>0.4) and declined significantly during the second year. Our results provide quantitative guidelines that can be used to evaluate and monitor the state of these populations on the short and long term.</p>
Fig. 1 in The importance of isolated patches for maintaining local bird biodiversity and ecosystem function: a case study from the Pernambuco Center of Endemism, Northeast Brazil
Fig. 1. Rarefaction curve based at Mata do Cedro abundance and richness, state of Alagoas, Brazil.
Fig. 2 in The importance of isolated patches for maintaining local bird biodiversity and ecosystem function: a case study from the Pernambuco Center of Endemism, Northeast Brazil
Fig. 2. Functional dendrogram of species of birds found at Mata do Cedro, state of Alagoas, Brazil.
TABLE 1 in Are some of the birds endemic to the Tres Marías Islands (Mexico) species?
<p>TABLE 1 Bird taxa endemic or nearly endemic to the Tres Marías islands. Taxa considered herein to be species are in boldface.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Scientific name</th><th>English name</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><i>Patagioenas flavirostris madrensis</i></th><td>Red-billed Pigeon</td></tr><tr><th><i>Leptotila verreauxi capitalis</i></th><td>White-tipped Dove</td></tr><tr><th><i>Nyctidromus albicollis insularis</i></th><td>Common Pauraque</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cynanthus latirostris lawrencei</i></th><td>Broad-billed Hummingbird</td></tr><tr><th><i>Amazilia rutila graysoni</i></th><td>Cinnamon Hummingbird</td></tr><tr><th><i>Buteo jamaicensis fumosus</i></th><td>Red-tailed Hawk</td></tr><tr><th><i>Picoides scalaris graysoni</i></th><td>Ladder-backed Woodpecker</td></tr><tr><th><i>Caracara cheriway pallidus</i></th><td>Crested Caracara</td></tr><tr><th><i>Forpus cyanopygius insularis</i></th><td>Mexican Parrotlet</td></tr><tr><th><i>Amazona oratrix tresmariae</i></th><td>Yellow-headed Parrot</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myiopagis viridicata minima</i></th><td>Greenish Elaenia</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pachyramphus aglaiae insularis</i></th><td>Rose-throated Becard</td></tr><tr><th><i>Vireo hypochryseus sordidus</i></th><td>Golden Vireo</td></tr><tr><th><i>Vireo flavoviridis forreri</i></th><td>Yellow-green Vireo</td></tr><tr><th><i>Pheugopedius felix lawrencii</i></th><td>Happy Wren</td></tr><tr><th><i>Myadestes occidentalis insularis</i></th><td>Brown-backed Solitaire</td></tr><tr><th><i>Turdus rufopalliatus graysoni</i></th><td>Rufous-backed Robin</td></tr><tr><th><i>Melanotis caerulescens longirostris</i></th><td>Blue Mockingbird</td></tr><tr><th><i>Spinus psaltria witi</i></th><td>Lesser Goldfinch</td></tr><tr><th><i>Setophaga pitiayumi insularis</i></th><td>Tropical Parula</td></tr><tr><th><i>Piranga bidentata flammea</i></th><td>Flame-coloured Tanager</td></tr><tr><th><i>Cardinalis cardinalis mariae</i></th><td>Northern Cardinal</td></tr><tr><th><i>Granatellus venustus francescae</i></th><td>Red-breasted Chat</td></tr><tr><th><i>Icterus pustulatus graysonii</i></th><td>Streak-backed Oriole</td></tr></tbody></table>
Numbers of individuals and endemicity for birds in three study sites of the Himalayas-Hengduan mountains of China
<p>1. Describing the patterns and revealing the underlying mechanisms responsible for variations in community structure remains a central focus in ecology. However, important gaps remain, including our understanding of species abundance. Most studies on abundance-based relationships are from either temperate ecosystems or tropical ecosystems, and few have explicitly tested abundance-based relationships across a temperate to tropical ecotone.</p> <p>2. Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of breeding birds across elevation spanning a temperate to subtropical gradient in the Himalayas-Hengduan mountains of China to examine the relationship between species abundance and (1) elevational range size, (2) body size, (3) elevational range center and, (4) endemicity.</p> <p>3. We tested a priori predictions for abundance-elevational range size relationship, abundance-body size relationship, and abundance-elevational range center relationship and explored how these relationships change along this temperate to subtropical mountain ecosystem.</p> <p>4. We found that species abundance was significantly positively correlated with elevational range size across the study sites, demonstrating the key importance of elevational range size towards species abundance. Body size and elevational range center are weakly correlated with abundance. A novel finding of our study is that the abundance-elevational range size relationship gradually weakened from temperate to subtropical ecosystems, adding to a growing body of evidence suggesting that abundance-elevational range size tracks a temperate to tropical ecotone.</p> <p>5. Our study demonstrates that abundance range-size relationship can transition across ecotones where faunas of different evolutionary origins converge. Furthermore, measuring abundance relationships across different environmental variables at the same spatial scale with comparable biogeography is a key strategy that can reveal the underlying mechanisms behind abundance patterns.</p>
Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Bird diversity and endemism along a land-use gradient in Madagascar: the conservation value of vanilla agroforests
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Numbers of individuals and endemicity for birds in three study sites of the Himalayas-Hengduan mountains of China
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Data from: Sequential use of niche and occupancy models identifies conservation and research priority areas for two data-poor endemic birds from the Colombian Andes
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Data from: Translocation with targeted vaccination is the most effective strategy to protect an island endemic bird threatened by West Nile virus
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Occupancy of two Colombian endemic birds (Habia gutturalis) and White-Mantled Barbet (Capito hypoleucus) in fragmented forests of the Central Andes in Colombia
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Elevation and landscape change drive the distribution of a montane, endemic grassland bird
<p>This dataset documents the presence and abundance of the Nilgiri pipit (<em>Anthus nilghiriensis</em>) in 170 survey sites across most of its global range. Between one and four surveys were carried out at each site between November 2017 and May 2018 by experienced observers. Survey duration was proportional to site area. A wide range of habitat characteristics were also surveyed, and additional habitat characteristics for each site were gathered from remotely sensed data. </p>
Data from: A tight balance between natural selection and gene flow in a southern African arid-zone endemic bird
Gene flow is traditionally thought to be antagonistic to population differentiation and local adaptation. However, recent studies have demonstrated that local adaptation can proceed provided that selection is greater than the homogenising effects of gene flow. We extend these initial studies by combining ecology (climate), phenotype (body size), physiological genetics (oxidative phosphorylation genes) and neutral loci (nuclear microsatellites and introns) to test whether selection can counter-balance gene flow and hence promote local adaptation in a bird whose distribution spans an aridity gradient. Our results show that the Karoo scrub-robin's climatic niche is spatially structured, providing the potential for local adaptation to develop. We found remarkably discordant patterns of divergence among mtDNA, morphology and neutral loci. For the mitochondrial genes, two amino acid replacements, strong population structure and reduced gene flow were associated with the environmental gradient separating western coastal sites from the interior of southern Africa. In contrast, morphology and the neutral loci exhibited variation independent of environmental variables, and revealed extensive levels of gene flow across the aridity gradient, 50 times larger than the estimates for mitochondrial genes. Together, our results suggest that selective pressures on physiology, mediated by the mitochondrial genome, may well be a common mechanism for facilitating local adaptation to new climatic conditions.
Data from: Islands within islands: two montane paleo-endemic birds impacted by recent anthropogenic fragmentation
Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation of species that live in naturally patchy metapopulations such as mountaintops or sky islands experiences two levels of patchiness. Effects of such multilevel patchiness on species have rarely been examined. Metapopulation theory suggests that patchy habitats could have varied impacts on persistence, dependent on differential migration. It is not known whether montane endemic species, evolutionarily adapted to natural patchiness, are able to disperse between anthropogenic fragments at similar spatial scales as natural patches. We investigated historic and contemporary gene flow between natural and anthropogenic patches across the distribution range of a Western Ghats sky-island-endemic bird species complex. Data from 14 microsatellites for 218 individuals detected major genetic structuring by deep valleys, including one hitherto undescribed barrier. As expected, we found strong effects of historic genetic differentiation across natural patches, but not across anthropogenic fragments. Contrastingly, contemporary differentiation (DPS) was higher relative to historic differentiation (FST) in anthropogenic fragments, despite the species' ability to historically traverse shallow valleys. Simulations of recent isolation resulted in high DPS/FST values, confirming recent isolation in Western Ghats anthropogenic fragments and also suggesting that this ratio can be used to identifying recent fragmentation in the context of historic connectedness. We suggest that in this landscape, in addition to natural patchiness affecting population connectivity, anthropogenic fragmentation additionally impacts connectivity, making anthropogenic fragments akin to islands within natural islands of montane habitat, a pattern that may be recovered in other sky-island systems.
Data from: Partial support for the central–marginal hypothesis within a population: reduced genetic diversity but not increased differentiation at the range edge of an island endemic bird
Large-scale population comparisons have contributed to our understanding of the evolution of geographic range limits and species boundaries, as well as the conservation value of populations at range margins. The central–marginal hypothesis (CMH) predicts a decline in genetic diversity and an increase in genetic differentiation toward the periphery of species' ranges due to spatial variation in genetic drift and gene flow. Empirical studies on a diverse array of taxa have demonstrated support for the CMH. However, nearly all such studies come from widely distributed species, and have not considered if the same processes can be scaled down to single populations. Here, we test the CMH on a species composed of a single population: the Island Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma insularis), endemic to a 250 km2 island. We examined microsatellite data from a quarter of the total population and found that homozygosity increased toward the island's periphery. However, peripheral portions of the island did not exhibit higher genetic differentiation. Simulations revealed that highly localized dispersal and small total population size, but not spatial variation in population density, were critical for generating fine-scale variation in homozygosity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that microevolutionary processes driving spatial variation in genetic diversity among populations can also be important for generating spatial variation in genetic diversity within populations.
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