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542 results for “endophytes”

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Data from: Endophytes shape the legacy left by the above- and below ground litter of the host affecting the establishment of a legume

Plant litter is a key component of plant-soil feedback (PSF), given its strong potential impacts on plant establishment and growth, through chemical and physical pathways. Although PSF of the layer of dead plant material on the soil surface (aboveground litter) has been widely studied little is known about the role of dead roots (belowground litter) and the impact of plant symbionts on host litter legacy. Here, we examined whether the fungal endophyte Epichloë occultans changed the effects of above and belowground litter of Lolium multiflorum plants on the establishment of Trifolium repens. We hypothesized that both types of litter deposited by the grass-endophyte symbiosis reduce the establishment of the legume due to the release of allelopathic compounds during the decomposition and leaching processes. To test this, we performed two experiments with different quantities of litter produced by plants of the same grass population, with high and low levels of endophyte infection (E+ and E-). Seeds of T. repens were exposed to the aboveground litter with or without the addition of belowground litter, or to their leachates, to separate the physical and chemical pathways. We found that the treatments with the combination of the above and belowground litter produced by E+ plants, increased the germination speed and seedling emergence of T. repens by 56% compared with both types of litter produced by E- plants. A similar effect was also observed with only the aboveground litter. However, the belowground litter of E+ plants reduced the germination speed, seedling emergence by 76% and establishment of T. repens by 73% compared with the belowground litter of E- plants. Besides, the belowground litter had positive effects on the root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and reduced the root nodulation of T. repens. The quantity of litter did not affect any of these responses. Our results suggest that these litter legacy effects could be due to the release of endophyte induced secondary metabolites, such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Changes in host plant litter inputs may have consequences for the prevalence of legume plants in grasslands and pastures, affecting their quality and dynamics.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Different assembly mechanisms of leaf epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities underlie their higher diversity in more diverse forests

Plant microbiomes are known to influence host fitness and ecosystem functioning, but mechanisms regulating their structure are poorly understood. Here, we explored the assembly mechanisms of leaf epiphytic and endophytic bacterial communities using a subtropical forest biodiversity experiment. Both epiphytic and endophytic bacterial diversity increased as host tree diversity increased. However, the increased epiphytic diversity in more diverse forests was driven by greater epiphytic diversity (i.e., greater α diversity) on individual trees, whereas the increased endophytic diversity in more diverse forests was driven by greater dissimilarity in endophytic composition (i.e., greater β diversity) among trees. Mechanistically, responses of epiphytes to changes in host diversity were consistent with mass effects, whereas responses of endophytes were consistent with species sorting. Synthesis: These results provided novel experimental evidence that biodiversity declines of plant species will lead to biodiversity declines of plant-associated microbiomes, but the underlying mechanism may differ between habitats on the plant host.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Supplemental data for: Endophyte genomes support greater metabolic gene cluster diversity compared with non-endophytes in Trichoderma

Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan genus with diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes, including mycotrophy, saprophytism, and endophytism. Previous research has reported greater metabolic gene repertoires in endophytic fungal species compared to closely-related non-endophytes. However, the extent of this ecological trend and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Some endophytic fungi may also be mycotrophs and have one or more mycoparasitism mechanisms. Mycotrophic endophytes are prominent in certain genera like Trichoderma, therefore, the mechanisms that enable these fungi to colonize both living plants and fungi may be the result of expanded metabolic gene repertoires. Our objective was to determine what, if any, genomic features are overrepresented in endophytic fungi genomes in order to undercover the genomic underpinning of the fungal endophytic lifestyle. Here we compared metabolic gene cluster and mycoparasitism gene diversity across a dataset of thirty-eight Trichoderma genomes representing the full breadth of environmental Trichoderma's diverse lifestyles and nutritional modes. We generated four new Trichoderma endophyticum genomes to improve the sampling of endophytic isolates from this genus. As predicted, endophytic Trichoderma genomes contained, on average, more total biosynthetic and degradative gene clusters than non-endophytic isolates, suggesting that the ability to create/modify a diversity of metabolites potential is beneficial or necessary to the endophytic fungi. Still, once the phylogenetic signal was taken into consideration, no particular class of metabolic gene cluster was independently associated with the Trichoderma endophytic lifestyle. Several mycoparasitism genes, but no chitinase genes, were associated with endophytic Trichoderma genomes. Most genomic differences between Trichoderma lifestyles and nutritional modes are difficult to disentangle from phylogenetic divergences among species, suggesting that Trichoderma genomes may be particularly well-equipped for lifestyle plasticity. We also consider the role of endophytism in diversifying secondary metabolism after identifying the horizontal transfer of the ergot alkaloid gene cluster to Trichoderma.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Elevated atmospheric CO2 suppresses silicon accumulation and exacerbates endophyte reductions in plant phosphorus

Many temperate grasses are both hyper-accumulators of silicon (Si) and hosts of Epichloë fungal endophytes; functional traits which may alleviate environmental stresses such as herbivore attack. Si accumulation and endophyte infection may operate synergistically, but this has not been tested in a field setting, nor in the context of changing environmental conditions. Predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations can affect both Si accumulation and endophyte function, but these have not been studied in combination. We investigated how elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), Si supplementation, endophyte-presence and insect herbivory impacted plant growth, stoichiometry (C, N, P and Si), leaf gas exchange (rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates) and endophyte production of anti-herbivore defences (alkaloids) of an important pasture grass (tall fescue; Lolium arundinaceum) in the field. eCO2 and Si supplementation increased shoot biomass (+52% and +31%, respectively), whereas herbivory reduced shoot biomass by at least 35% and induced Si accumulation by 24%. Shoot Si concentrations, in contrast, decreased by 17–21% under eCO2. Si supplementation and herbivory reduced shoot C concentrations. eCO2 reduced shoot N concentrations which led to increased shoot C:N ratios. Overall, shoot P concentrations were 26% lower in endophytic plants compared to non-endophytic plants, potentially due to decreased mass flow (i.e. observed reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration). Alkaloid production was not discernibly affected by any experimental treatment. The negative impacts of endophytes on P uptake were particularly strong under eCO2. We show that eCO2 and insect herbivory reduce and promote Si accumulation, respectively, incorporating some field conditions for the first time. This indicates that these drivers operate in a more realistic ecological context than previously demonstrated. Reduced uptake of P in endophytic plants may adversely affect plant productivity in the future, particularly if increased demand for P due to improved plant growth under eCO2 cannot be met.

opencc-zeroApr 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

SI_IV_3_Reverse chemical ecology to study the defense of the plant host Sextonia rubra and the chemical mediators of its endophyte Fusarium falciforme against phytopathogen Trametes versicolor

Ces travaux présentant les données supplémentaires générés lors de l'étude de la confrontation d'isolat identifiés comme des Fusarium falciforme contre Trametes versicolor.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Silicon and Epichloë-endophyte defences in a model temperate grass diminish feeding efficiency and immunity of an insect folivore

Plants deploy diverse anti-herbivore defences which reduce feeding and performance of herbivores. Temperate grasses use silicon (Si) accumulation and Epichloë-endophytes for physical and chemical (i.e. endophytic-alkaloids) defence against insect herbivores. Recent studies suggest that Epichloë-endophytes increase Si accumulation in their host grass. It is unknown, however, how this affects Si-deposition on the leaf surface, their impacts on insect herbivore feeding efficiency and their immunity to potential infection/parasitism. To address this knowledge gap, we grew tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hydroponically with and without Si, in the absence or presence of the novel AR584 Epichloë-strain. We exposed plants to Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in both in-situ (intact leaves) and ex-situ (excised leaves) feeding trials and determined the effects of Si and endophyte defences on herbivore feeding efficiency, growth rates and immunity against potential infection/parasitism. Endophytic plants supplied with Si showed 110% and 143% increases in leaf silica density and leaf Si concentrations, respectively, when exposed to herbivory, compared to non-endophytic plants that were herbivore-free. Despite the endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentrations, H. armigera was only affected by Si supply; growth rates decreased by 87% and most feeding efficiency indices decreased by at least 30%. Si supply also increased mandibular wear by 16%, which was negatively correlated with H. armigera growth rates. Cellular and humoral immunity of H. armigera were negatively affected by both Si and endophytes. Endophytic-loline alkaloid concentrations were unaffected by Si supply or herbivory, whereas herbivory increased peramine concentrations by 290%. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Si defences and Epichloë-endophyte-derived alkaloids compromising insect immunity via reduced melanisation response. Using tall fescue and H. armigera, our study suggests that deploying both physical (i.e. Si accumulation) and chemical (i.e. endophytic-alkaloids) defences acting against multiple insect herbivore traits, including feeding efficiency, growth and immunity, may be a successful defence strategy in temperate grasses. This multi-faceted defence may be particularly difficult for insect herbivores to overcome.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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