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377 results for “evolution of complexity”
Figs 41-43 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania
Figs 41-43: Various organs. 41-42 Pronota. (41) Tarsostenus tricolor. (42) T. antehelvis. 43 Elytron. T. bullatus.
Figs 2-21 in Classification, natural history, and evolution of Tarsosteninae (Coleoptera: Cleroidea: Cleridae). Part IV. Taxonomy of the Tarsostenodes complex of Australia, New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Tasmania
Figs 2-21: Antennae. (2) Paratillus carus. (3) Tarsostenus bicolor. (4) T. kanak. (5) Tarsostenodes tentus. (6) T. guttulus. (7) T. simulator. (8) Tarsostenus univittatus. (9) Tarsostenodes morulus. (10) Blackburniella intricata. (11) Tarsostenodes albonotatus. (12) T. gibbus. (13) T. leucogramma. (14) Tarsostenus antehelvis. (15) Blackburniella apicula. (16) Tarsostenus tricolor. (17) Paratillus atali. (18) Tarsostenodes vesica. (19) T. cribripennis. (20) Tarsostenus hilaris. (21) Tarsostenodes howensis.
Evolution of female song and duetting in the chaffinch (Fringilla) species complex
<p>Female song is ancestral to songbirds and shows considerable phylogenetic signal, but its presence also appears to be labile and correlated with life-history and ecology. While previous studies have examined the evolution of female song across species-rich families, here we studied female song in island populations of a recently diverged species-complex, the chaffinches (genus <em>Fringilla</em>). We show this behaviour has recently evolved in these populations, and probably on two independent occasions. In <em>F. teydea</em>, female song is performed in loose duets with males, while in <em>F. coelebs</em>, female song is produced solo. Populations with singing females showed year-round territoriality and were found in regions with low seasonality – both factors previously connected with high rates of female singing. To determine the relative saliency of female songs to conspecifics, and the degree to which they instigate territorial defence behaviours, we performed a series of speaker playback experiments. In <em>F. c. canariensis</em>, female song could induce comparable responses to male song, whilst duetting <em>F. teydea </em>playback produced similar responses to solo songs, and therefore may relate to within-pair communication instead. Our results suggest female song can be a highly labile trait that can evolve over short evolutionary timescales.</p>
Group augmentation underlies the evolution of complex sociality in the face of environmental instability
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst">Although kin selection is assumed to underlie the evolution of sociality, many vertebrates—including nearly half of all cooperatively breeding birds—form groups that also include unrelated individuals. Theory predicts that despite reducing kin structure, immigration of unrelated individuals into groups can provide direct, group augmentation benefits, particularly when offspring recruitment is insufficient for group persistence. Using population dynamic modelling and analysis of long-term data, we provide clear empirical evidence of group augmentation benefits favoring the evolution and maintenance of complex societies with low kin structure and multiple reproductives. We show that in the superb starling (<em>Lamprotornis superbus</em>)—a plural cooperative breeder that forms large groups with multiple breeding pairs, and related and unrelated non-breeders of both sexes—offspring recruitment alone cannot prevent group extinction, especially in smaller groups. Further, smaller groups, which stand to benefit more from immigration, exhibit lower reproductive skew for immigrants, suggesting that reproductive opportunities as joining incentives lead to plural breeding. Yet, despite a greater likelihood of becoming a breeder in smaller groups, immigrants are more likely to join larger groups where they experience increased survivorship and greater reproductive success as breeders. Moreover, immigrants form additional breeding pairs, increasing future offspring recruitment into the group and guarding against complete reproductive failure in the face of environmental instability and high nest predation. Thus, plural breeding likely evolves because the benefits of group augmentation by immigrants generate a positive feedback loop that maintains societies with low and mixed kinship, large group sizes, and multiple reproductives.</p>
Supplementary data for "Evolution of magmas during late-stage rhyolitic magmatism in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex as inferred by melt inclusion geochemistry at Cerro La Torta lava dome"
<p>This repository contains the supplementary data for the publication submitted to the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research entitled "Evolution of magmas during late-stage rhyolitic magmatism in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex as inferred by melt inclusion geochemistry at Cerro La Torta lava dome".</p> <p>The excel file contains the complete dataset with major, minor and trace elements composition from melt inclusions, their host minerals (plagioclase and amphibole), accessory minerals (Fe-Ti oxides, apatites, pyroxene and zircon) and groundmass glass from Cerro La Torta lava dome.</p> <p>Instructions about how to read the dataset are included in the first sheet of the Excel file.</p>
River drainage reorganization and reticulate evolution in the Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea bislineata) species complex
<p>The origin and eventual loss of biogeographic barriers can create alternating periods of allopatry and secondary contact, facilitating gene flow among distinct metapopulations and generating reticulate evolutionary histories that are not adequately described by a bifurcating evolutionary tree. One such example may exist in the two-lined salamander (<em>Eurycea bislineata</em>) species complex, where discordance among morphological and molecular datasets has created a "vexing taxonomic challenge". Previous phylogeographic analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggested that the reorganization of Miocene paleodrainages drove vicariance and dispersal, but the inherent limitations of a single-locus dataset precluded the evaluation of subsequent gene flow. Here, we generate triple-enzyme restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (3RAD) data for >100 individuals representing all major mtDNA lineages and use a suite of complementary methods to demonstrate that discordance among earlier datasets is best explained by a reticulate evolutionary history influenced by river drainage reorganization. Systematics of such groups should acknowledge these complex histories and relationships that are not strictly hierarchical.</p>
Evolution of female song and duetting in the chaffinch (Fringilla) species complex
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Group augmentation underlies the evolution of complex sociality in the face of environmental instability
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River drainage reorganization and reticulate evolution in the Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea bislineata) species complex
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The evolution, complexity and diversity of models of long-term forest dynamics
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Complex models of sequence evolution improve fit, but not gene tree discordance, for tetrapod mitogenomes
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Fig 70 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex
Fig 70: The known geographic distribution of species as noted.
Figs 59-60 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex
Figs 59-60: Head and antenna of Amphelissus meieri. (59) Head, ventral view. (60) Antenna.
Figs 57-58 in ClassiIication, Natural History, and Evolution oI the SubIamily Peloniinae OPITZ (Coleoptera, Cleroidea, Cleridae). Part XIII. The New World genera oI checkered beetles of the Labasiella complex
Figs 57-58: Head and mouthparts of Amphelissus meieri. (57) Head, frontal view. (58) Mouthparts.
Data from: An experimental investigation of how intraspecific competition and phenotypic plasticity can promote the evolution of novel, complex phenotypes
<p>Intraspecific competition has long been considered a key driver of evolutionary diversification, but whether it can also promote evolutionary innovation is less clear. We examined the interplay between competition and phenotypic plasticity in fueling the origins of a novel, complex phenotype––a distinctive carnivore morph found in spadefoot toad tadpoles (genus <i>Spea</i>) that specializes on fairy shrimp. We specifically sought to explore the possible origins of this phenotype by providing shrimp to <i>Scaphiopus holbrookii</i> tadpoles (the sister genus to <i>Spea </i>that does not produce carnivores) while subjecting them to competition for their standard diet of detritus. Previous research had shown that this species will eat shrimp when detritus is limited, and that these shrimp-fed individuals produce features that are redolent of a rudimentary <i>Spea </i>carnivore. In this study, we found that: 1) behavioral and morphological plasticity enabled some individuals to expand their diet to include shrimp; 2) there was heritable variation in this plasticity; and 3) individuals received a growth and development benefit by eating shrimp. Thus, novel resource use can arise via plasticity as an adaptive response to intraspecific competition. More generally, our results show how competition and plasticity may interact to pave the way for the evolution of complex, novel phenotypes, such as the distinctive carnivore morph in present-day <i>Spea</i>.</p>
Data from: Large-scale mutation in the evolution of a gene complex for cryptic coloration
<p class="western">The types of mutations affecting adaptation in the wild are only beginning to be understood. In particular, whether structural changes shape adaptation by suppressing recombination or by creating new mutations is unresolved. Here we show that multiple, linked but recombining loci underlie cryptic color morphs of <i>Timema chumash </i>stick insects. In a related species, these loci are found in a region of suppressed recombination, forming a supergene. However, in seven species of <i>Timema </i>we find that a mega-base size 'supermutation' has deleted color loci in green morphs. Moreover, we find that balancing selection likely contributes more to maintaining this mutation than does introgression. Our results show how suppressed recombination and large-scale mutation can help package gene complexes into discrete units of diversity, such as morphs, ecotypes, or species.</p>
Serial disparity in the carnivoran backbone unveil a complex adaptive role in metameric evolution
Multi-element systems such as the vertebral column of vertebrates represent a major challenge to phenotypic quantification and macroevolutionary analyses. The vertebral column is a metameric structure, composed of serially repeated subunits, and much of what is known so far has been inferred from sparse anatomical samples, providing little insight into local-scale (i.e. vertebra-to-vertebra) variation and its macroevolutionary importance. This limits understanding of how evolutionary constraints and functional adaptation interact during the evolution of multi-element phenotypes. Here, we quantify morphological disparity across all subunits (vertebrae) of the pre-sacral column in the mammalian order Carnivora. We address how vertebral morphology varies among elements, and the extent to which these patterns have been structured by constraints and/or evolutionary adaptation to locomotory capabilities, using 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses for high-dimensional phenotypes. We find that lumbars and posterior thoracics exhibit high individual disparity but low serial differentiation. These vertebrae are pervasively recruited into locomotory functions, exhibiting high-dimensional ecomorphological signals and patterns of evolution indicative of relaxed constraints. Cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae have low individual disparity and greater serial differentiation. Individual vertebrae in these regions unexpectedly also show signals of locomotory adaptation that were not generally recognized by previous studies. These are characterized by low-dimensional ecomorphological signals and overall constrained patterns of evolution. Our findings support the hypothesis that the lumbar region is a key innovation that increases ecological versatility of mammalian locomotion. Nevertheless, locomotory adaptation is more widely distributed along the mammalian axial skeleton. This has been masked by local-scale variation and low phenotypic variability in comparison with other skeletal structures such as the skull or limbs. Our analyses demonstrate that the strength of ecomorphological signal does not have a predictable influence on macroevolutionary outcomes even within the same structure, and undermine the traditional view that highly constrained skeletal units are strongly limited in their potential to adapt to new ecological avenues. Our findings emphasize the importance of quantifying local-scale variation in functionally versatile, multi-element phenotypes such as the vertebral column, or indeed, the vertebrate skeleton as a whole.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing: from single species models to dynamic evolution within complex food webs
<p>Evidence of contemporary evolution across ecological time scales stimulated research on the eco-evolutionary dynamics of natural populations. Aquatic systems provide a good setting to study eco-evolutionary dynamics owing to a wealth of long-term monitoring data and the detected trends in fish life-history traits across intensively harvested marine and freshwater systems. In the present study, we focus on modelling approaches to simulate eco-evolutionary dynamics of fishes and their ecosystems. Firstly, we review the development of modelling from single-species to multispecies approaches. Secondly, we advance the current state-of-the-art methodology by implementing evolution of life-history traits of a top predator into the context of complex food web dynamics as described by the allometric trophic network (ATN) framework. The functioning of our newly developed eco-evolutionary ATNE framework is illustrated using a well-studied lake food web. Our simulations show how both natural selection arising from feeding interactions and size-selective fishing cause evolutionary changes in the top predator and how those feed back to its prey species and further cascade down to lower trophic levels. Finally, we discuss future directions, particularly the need to integrate genomic discoveries into eco-evolutionary projections.</p>
Evolution of multiple postzygotic barriers between species of the Mimulus tilingii complex
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Species are often defined by their ability to interbreed (</span></span>i.e.<span><span>, Biological Species Concept), but determining how and why reproductive isolation arises between new species can be challenging. In the <i>Mimulus tilingii</i> species complex, three species (</span></span><i>M. caespitosa</i><span><span>, </span></span><i>M. minor</i><span><span>, and </span></span><i>M. tilingii</i><span><span>) are largely allopatric and grow exclusively at high elevations (>2000m). The extent to which geographic separation has shaped patterns of divergence among the species is not well understood. In this study, we determined that the three species are morphologically and genetically distinct, yet recently diverged. Additionally, we performed reciprocal crosses within and between the</span></span><i> </i><span><span>species and identified several strong postzygotic reproductive barriers, including hybrid seed inviability, F1 hybrid necrosis, and F1 hybrid male and female sterility. In this study, such postzygotic barriers are so strong that a cross between any species pair in the <i>M. tilingii</i> complex would cause nearly complete reproductive isolation. We consider how geographical and topographical patterns may have facilitated the evolution of several postzygotic barriers and contributed to speciation of closely related members within the <i>M. tilingii </i>species complex.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Complex evolution of insect insulin receptors and homologous decoy receptors, and functional significance of their multiplicity
<p></p><p>Evidence accumulates that the functional plasticity of insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling in insects could spring, among others, from the multiplicity of insulin receptors (InRs). Their multiple variants may be implemented in the control of insect polyphenism, such as wing or caste polyphenism. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of insect InR sequences in 118 species from 23 orders and investigate the role of three InRs identified in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, in wing polymorphism control. We identified two gene clusters (Clusters I and II) resulting from an ancestral duplication in a late ancestor of winged insects, which remained conserved in most lineages, only in some of them being subject to further duplications or losses. One remarkable yet neglected feature of InR evolution is the loss of the tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, giving rise to decoys of InR in both clusters. Within the Cluster I, we confirmed the presence of the secreted decoy of insulin receptor in all studied Muscomorpha. More importantly, we described a new tyrosine kinase-less gene (DR2) in the Cluster II, conserved in apical Holometabola for ∼300 My. We differentially silenced the three P. apterus InRs and confirmed their participation in wing polymorphism control. We observed a pattern of Cluster I and Cluster II InRs impact on wing development, which differed from that postulated in planthoppers, suggesting an independent establishment of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling control over wing development, leading to idiosyncrasies in the co-option of multiple InRs in polyphenism control in different taxa.</p><p></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.