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71 results for “experimental warming”
Data from: Effects of experimental warming on biodiversity depend on ecosystem type and local species composition
Climatic warming is a primary driver of change in ecosystems worldwide. Here, we synthesize responses of species richness and evenness from 187 experimental warming studies in a quantitative meta-analysis. We asked 1) whether effects of warming on diversity were detectable and consistent across terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems, 2) if effects on diversity correlated with intensity, duration, and experimental unit size of temperature change manipulations, and 3) whether these experimental effects on diversity interacted with ecosystem types. Using multilevel mixed linear models and model averaging, we also tested the relative importance of variables that described uncontrolled environmental variation and attributes of experimental units. Overall, experimental warming reduced richness across ecosystems (mean log-response ratio = –0.091, 95% bootstrapped CI: –0.13, –0.05) representing an 8.9% decline relative to ambient temperature treatments. Richness did not change in response to warming in freshwater systems, but was more strongly negative in terrestrial (–11.8%) and marine (–10.5%) experiments. In contrast, warming impacts on evenness were neutral overall and in aquatic systems, but weakly negative on land (7.6%). Intensity and duration of experimental warming did not explain variation in diversity responses, but negative effects on richness were stronger in smaller experimental units, particularly in marine systems. Model-averaged parameter estimation confirmed these main effects while accounting for variation in latitude, ambient temperature at the sites of manipulations, venue (field versus lab), community trophic type, and whether experiments were open or closed to colonization. These analyses synthesize extensive experimental evidence showing declines in local richness with increased temperature, particularly in terrestrial and marine communities. However, the more variable effects of warming on evenness were better explained by the random effect of site identity, suggesting that effects on species' relative abundances were contingent on local species composition.
Effects of cold or warm ischemia and ex-vivo lung perfusion on the release of damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory cytokines in experimental lung transplantation
<p>Lung transplantation (LTx) is associated with sterile inflammation, possibly related to the release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by injured allograft cells. We have measured cellular damage and the release of DAMPs and cytokines in an experimental model of LTx after cold or warm ischemia and examined the effect of pretreatment with ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP).</p>
Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive characters of P. viviparaum in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
<p>This dataset contains data from a simulated warming experiment described in the paper: "Zhang, C., Li, XT., and An, YM. Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive growth of <em>Polygonum viviparaum</em> in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nordic Journal of Botany. DOI: 10.1111/njb.03157". </p> <p>The experiment investigated <i>Polygonum viviparaum</i>, a perennial herb distributed widely in arctic and alpine regions, under two different levels of experimental warming treatments to examine effects of warming on its vegetative and reproductive growth. Two types of open top chambers (OTCs), large and small, were used to generate lower and higher warming levels.</p> <p>The dataset consists of the vegetative and reproductive characters of <i>P. viviparaum</i> in control plots, large OTCs and small OTCs. The characters include plant height, leaf number, length of the longest leaf, flower diameter, bulbil length, number of flowers per spike, number of bulbils per spike, flower proportion, dry weight of stem and leaves, dry weight of flowers per spike, dry weight of bulbils per spike, reproductive allocation and bulbil germination rate.</p> <p>Main results of the experiment are that (1) the increased temperature promoted both vegetative and reproductive growth of <em>P. viviparaum</em>, but there was a significant trade-off between them. Decreased reproductive allocation under warming suggested that more available resources were devoted to vegetative growth, resulting in increased plant height, leaf number and length of the longest leaf; (2) After warming, the number and dry weight of flowers per spike decreased while the number and dry weight of bulbils per spike increased, indicating more investment to asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction in <em>P. viviparaum</em>; (3) The increase of warming further strengthened the above variation trends of vegetative and reproductive growth of <em>P. viviparaum</em>.</p>
Non-native species outperform natives in coastal marine ecosystems subjected to warming and freshening events - A meta-analysis of coastal marine native and non-native species responses to experimentally manipulated climatic events
<p><b>Aims</b>: Contemporary climate change and biological invasions are two main drivers of biodiversity redistribution. Interactive effects between these drivers have been reported in a number of study systems, yet results are conflicting. Some studies find that future climate change facilitates the spread and success of non-native species, especially those with broad physiological tolerances. Other studies conclude that non-natives are vulnerable to current and future changes in climatic conditions. Given that most studies have focused on terrestrial species, here we contribute to this debate by analysing responses of coastal native and non-native fauna and flora to key climate-related stressors namely increased temperature (warming) and decreased salinity (freshening).</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Global.</p> <p><b>Time period: </b>2002 – 2019.</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Marine benthic<b> </b>macrophytes and invertebrates.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: We conducted a meta-analysis of results from experiments investigating the performance (e.g., growth, survival and reproduction) of sessile and sedentary species from benthic marine communities to warming and freshening.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: We found evidence of positive responses to elevated temperature across a range of biological processes on non-native species, whereas the performance of native species declined. Similarly, decreased salinity negatively affected the biological processes of native species, but non-natives<span> showed no positive or negative overall response to freshening</span>.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Our study showed that non-native species outperform natives under a wide variety of warming and freshening conditions. The growth and reproduction of non-natives are enhanced by warmer temperatures, and thus ocean warming is expected to facilitate future spread and success of non-native species. Increased freshening, however, <span>will likely have a negative impact in the future in both native and non-native species and thus is expected to be a driver of significant change in coastal marine ecosystems. Our</span> comprehensive literature search revealed the need of more <span>studies </span>focusing on s<span>alinity changes and highlighted the need to expand our understanding of climate change drivers beyond warming.</span></p>
Unaltered soil microbial community composition, but decreased metabolic activity in a semi-arid grassland after two years of passive experimental warming
<p>Soil microbial communities regulate soil carbon feedbacks to climate warming through microbial respiration (i.e. metabolic rate). A thorough understanding of the responses of composition, biomass and metabolic rate of soil microbial community to warming is crucial to predict soil carbon stocks in a future warmer climate. Therefore, we conducted a field manipulative experiment in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau of China to evaluate the responses of the soil microbial community to increased temperature from April 2015 to December 2017. Soil temperature was 2.0 <sup>o</sup>C higher relative to the ambient when open-top chambers (OTCs) were used. Warming did not affect microbial biomass or the composition of microbial functional groups. However, warming significantly decreased microbial respiration, directly resulting from soil pH decrease driven by the co-mediation of aboveground biomass increase, inorganic nitrogen increase and moisture decrease. These findings highlight that the soil microbial community structure of semi-arid grasslands resisted the short-term warming by 2 <sup>o</sup>C, although its metabolic rate declined.</p>
Data for: Warming rates alter sequence of disassembly in experimental communities
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk71747934"></a><span>This study analyzed patterns of species loss in a community of four rotifers and six ciliates exposed to three rates of extreme warming.</span><span> Immediately prior to each +0.5°C increase in temperature, we sampled replicate communities and identified all surviving species. The sampling temperature at which no further organisms of a given species were observed alive represented the temperature of loss for that species and replicate. Recording the identity of all surviving species at each incremental change in temperature allowed us to both observe the sequence of species loss from the community (i.e., the sequence of disassembly) and also generate a corresponding table of the distinct communities surviving at each temperature. To test the effects of warming rate on the sequence of disassembly, we analyzed the sequence (order) of species loss of the ten species in each replicate. An order of "1" was assigned to the first species lost, "2" to the second, "3" to the third, and so on. To assess the contribution of warming rate to variability in community composition, we compared all of the distinct communities of surviving species that were observed in hourly-, daily- and weekly-rate treatments throughout the period of ramping temperature. The percentage of all distinct communities that were rate-specific (observed in at least one but not all rate treatments) provided a quantitative measure of the contribution of warming rate (per se) to variability in community composition. <span>Downloaded files include: a) temperature of species loss data for hourly, daily and weekly rate replicates, b) order of species loss data for hourly, daily and weekly rate replicates, and c) R code for Monte Carlo analyses. </span></span></p>
Data from: Long-term experimental warming alters community composition of ascomycetes in Alaskan moist and dry arctic tundra
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Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive characters of P. viviparaum in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
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Effects of cold or warm ischemia and ex-vivo lung perfusion on the release of damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory cytokines in experimental lung transplantation
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Larval fitness of a generalist butterfly under experimental warming and spring drought depends on host species and timing
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Data from: Effects of experimental warming on biodiversity depend on ecosystem type and local species composition
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Unaltered soil microbial community composition, but decreased metabolic activity in a semi-arid grassland after two years of passive experimental warming
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Non-native species outperform natives in coastal marine ecosystems subjected to warming and freshening events - A meta-analysis of coastal marine native and non-native species responses to experimentally manipulated climatic events
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Data from: Experimental warming increases herbivory by leaf-chewing insects in an alpine plant community
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Data for: Warming rates alter sequence of disassembly in experimental communities
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Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
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Ant responses to experimental warming and plant diversity:BAC: Biodiversity and Climate
Climate changes forecast for our region by GCM???s and shifts in biodiversity and composition each have the potential to alter ecosystem functioning; their interactive effects are unknown. The "BAC" experiment is designed to determine the direct and interactive effects of plant species numbers, plant community composition, temperature, and precipitation on 11 productivity, C and N dynamics, stability, and plant, microbe, and insect species abundances in CDR grassland ecosystems.
Data: Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model
<p>Predicting the effects of seasonality and climate change on the emergence and spread of infectious disease remains difficult, in part because of poorly understood connections between warming and the mechanisms driving disease. Trait-based mechanistic models combined with thermal performance curves arising from the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) have been highlighted as a promising approach going forward; however, this framework has not been tested under controlled experimental conditions that isolate the role of gradual temporal warming on disease dynamics and emergence. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a slowly warming host – parasite system can be pushed through a critical transition into an epidemic state. We then show that a trait-based mechanistic model with MTE functional forms can predict the critical temperature for disease emergence, subsequent disease dynamics through time, and final infection prevalence in an experimentally warmed system of <i>Daphnia </i>and a microsporidian parasite. Our results serve as a proof of principle that trait-based mechanistic models using MTE sub-functions can predict warming-induced disease emergence in data-rich systems – a critical step towards generalizing the approach to other systems.</p>
Data from: Rapid evolution in response to warming does not affect the toxicity of a pollutant: insights from experimental evolution in heated mesocosms
While human-induced stressors such as warming and pollutants may co-occur and interact, evolutionary studies typically focus on single stressors. Rapid thermal evolution may help organisms better deal with warming, yet it remains an open question whether thermal evolution changes the toxicity of pollutants under warming. We investigated the effects of exposure to a novel pollutant (zinc oxide nanoparticles, nZnO) and 4°C warming (20°C vs 24°C) on key life history and physiological traits of the water flea Daphnia magna, a keystone species in aquatic ecosystems. To address the role of thermal evolution, we compared these effects between clones from an experimental evolution trial where animals were kept for two years in outdoor mesocosms at ambient temperatures or ambient +4°C. The nZnO was more toxic at 20°C than at 24°C: only at 20°C it caused reductions in early fecundity, intrinsic growth rate, and metabolic activity. This was due to a higher accumulated zinc burden at 20°C than at 24°C, which was associated with an upregulation of a metallothionein gene at 20°C but not at 24°C. Clones from the heated mesocosms better dealt with warming than clones from the ambient mesocosms, indicating rapid thermal evolution. Notably, rapid thermal evolution did not change the toxicity of nZnO, neither at 20°C nor at 24°C, suggesting no pleiotropy or metabolic trade-offs were at work under the current experimental design. Evaluating whether thermal evolution influences the toxicity of pollutants is important for ecological risk assessment. It provides key information to extrapolate laboratory-derived toxicity estimates of pollutants both in space to warmer regions and in time under future global warming scenarios. In general, studying how the evolution of tolerance to one anthropogenic stressor influence tolerance to other anthropogenic stressors should get more attention in a rapidly changing world where animals increasingly face combinations of stressors.
Data from: Evidence for long-term shift in plant community composition under decadal experimental warming
Summary: 1. Long-term, slow ecological processes such as changes in plant community structure and composition strongly regulate ecosystem responses to climate change. Shifts in plant community are expected in chronically altered environments under warming. However, experimental evidence for long-term shifts and the associated mechanisms is still scarce in temperate grasslands. 2. Here, we explore the long-term responses of a prairie plant community to 14-year (2000-2013) manipulations of climate warming and clipping in Oklahoma, USA. Infrared heaters were used to elevate soil temperature by about 2 ºC all year round and annual clipping was applied to mimic hay harvest. 3. Community composition was resistant to experimental warming in the first seven years, but started to show responses starting from the eighth year; clipping consistently affected community composition over the years. Compositional change under long-term warming was mainly due to one invasive species and three dominant species. The negative correlations in relative abundance between the invasive species and the dominant species suggest inter-specific competition. Community structure (i.e., richness, evenness and diversity) had no overall response to experimental warming. However, in 2007, the extreme wet year, warming reduced species richness by 30%. Clipping promoted species richness by 10% on average over the 14 years but decreased community evenness. Warming did not interact with clipping in influencing the plant community variables. 4. Synthesis: Our study provides experimental evidence for long-term shifts in plant community composition due to warming and revealed novel mechanisms (i.e., species invasion and associated biotic interactions) underlying the long-term shift. The results also suggest that climate extremes may elicit or advance community responses to climate warming. The findings highlight that long-term climate change experiments are essential to reveal potential shifts in community composition.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.