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451 results for “food web”
Fig. 3 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 3. Non Metric Multidimensional scaling plot. Circles depicts taxa classified as gatherer collectors (Aulodrilus pigueti, Pristina leidyi, Dero vagus, Nais communis, Pelomus sp., Cladopelma sp., Endotribelos sp., Polypedilum sp., Chironomus sp., Parachironomus sp., Phaenopsectra sp., Americabaetis sp., Baetis sp., Campsurus violaceus, Hyalella curvispina, Crynellus sp.) [Triangles: Tanypodinae (Coelotanypus sp., Procladius sp. and Ablabesmyia (Karelia); inverted triangle: Sympetrum sp.; square: Monopelopia sp.; cross: Pomacea canaliculata].
Fig. 1 in A closer look at the main actors of Neotropical floodplain food webs: functional classification and niche overlap of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of Paraná River
Fig. 1. Relative importance (IRI) of food items for analyzed taxa of dominant benthic invertebrates in a floodplain lake of ParanÁ River, Argentina (parenthesis indicate sample size).
Data for: Landscape diversity promotes stable food web architectures in large rivers
<p>Uncovering relationships between landscape diversity and species interactions is crucial for predicting how ongoing land-use change and homogenization will impact the stability and persistence of communities. However, such connections have rarely been quantified in nature. We coupled high-resolution river sonar imaging with annualized energetic food webs to quantify relationships between habitat diversity, energy flux, and trophic interaction strengths in large-river food web modules that support the endangered Pallid Sturgeon. Our results demonstrate a clear relationship between habitat diversity and species interaction strengths, with more diverse foraging landscapes containing higher production of prey and a greater proportion of weak and potentially stabilizing interactions. Additionally, rare patches of large and relatively stable river sediments intensified these effects and further reduced interaction strengths by increasing prey diversity. Our findings highlight the importance of landscape characteristics in promoting stabilizing food-web architectures and provide direct relevance for future management of imperiled species in a simplified and rapidly changing world.</p>
Data used for manuscript "The coordination of green-brown food webs and their disruption by anthropogenic nutrient inputs"
<p>Data used for manuscript "The coordination of green-brown food webs and their disruption by anthropogenic nutrient inputs".</p> <p>This includes estimations of various properties of food webs, such as stocks of compartments, fluxes between compartments, and conversion efficiencies.</p>
Food web rewiring drives long-term compositional differences and late-disturbance interactions at the community level
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Ecological communities are constantly exposed to multiple natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Multivariate composition (if recovered) has been found to need significantly more time to be regained after pulsed disturbance compared to univariate diversity metrics and functional endpoints. However, the mechanisms driving the different recovery times of communities to single and multiple disturbances remain unexplored. Here, we apply for the first time quantitative ecological network analyses to try to elucidate the mechanisms driving long-term community composition dissimilarity and late-stage disturbance interactions at the community level. For this, we evaluate the effects of two pesticides, nutrients enrichment and their interactions in outdoor mesocosms containing a complex freshwater community. We found changes in interactions strength to be strongly related to compositional changes and identified post-disturbance interaction strength rewiring to be responsible for most of the observed compositional changes. Additionally, we found pesticides interactions to be significant in the long term only when both interactions strength and food web architecture are reshaped by the disturbances. We suggest that quantitative network analysis has the potential to unveil ecological processes that prevent long-term community recovery.</p> <p><strong>Significance Statement</strong></p> <p>Multiple anthropogenic disturbances affect the structure and functioning of communities. Recent evidence highlighted that, after pulse disturbance, the functioning a community performs may be recovered fast due to functional redundancy, whereas community multivariate composition needs longer time. Yet, the mechanisms that drive the different community recovery times have not been quantified empirically. We use quantitative food web analysis to assess the influence of species interactions on community recovery. We found species interactions strength to be the main mechanism driving differences between structural and functional recovery. Additionally, we show that interactions between multiple disturbances appear in the long term only when both species interaction strength and food web architecture change significantly.</p> <p>Please see the "readme" sheet in the datafile for a description of the file structure and treatments abreviations.</p>
Stable Isotope Mixing Models Demonstrate the Role of an Invasive Plant in Wetland Songbirds Food Webs
<p>We used analysis of natural abundance stable isotopes of <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N in song sparrow blood, invertebrate food sources, <em>L. latifolium </em>seeds,<em> </em>and other marsh<em> </em>plant seeds to inform Bayesian, concentration-dependent mixing models that predicted average song sparrow diets. Data presented are the csv files and R markdown code for the isotope analysis.</p>
Ecological data for: Subsidy accessibility drives asymmetric food web responses
<p>Global change is fundamentally altering flows of natural and anthropogenic subsidies across space and time. After a pointed call for research on subsidies in the 1990s, an industry of empirical work has documented the ubiquitous role subsidies play in ecosystem structure, stability and function. Here, we argue that physical constraints (e.g., water temperature) and species traits can govern a species' accessibility to resource subsidies, which has been largely overlooked in the subsidy literature. We examined the input of a high quality, point-source anthropogenic subsidy (aquaculture feed) into a recipient freshwater lake food web. By using a combined bio-tracer approach, we detect a gradient in accessibility of the anthropogenic subsidy within the surrounding food web driven by the thermal preferences of three constituent species, effectively rewiring the recipient lake food web. Since aquaculture is predicted to increase significantly in coming decades to support growing human populations, and global change is altering temperature regimes, then this form of food web alteration may be expected to occur frequently. We argue that subsidy accessibility is a key characteristic of recipient food web interactions that must be considered when trying to understand the impacts of subsidies on ecosystem stability and function under continued global change.</p>
Data from: Functional diversity buffers the effects of a pulse perturbation on the dynamics of tritrophic food webs
<p>Biodiversity decline causes a loss of functional diversity, which threatens ecosystems through a dangerous feedback loop: this loss may hamper ecosystems' ability to buffer environmental changes, leading to further biodiversity losses. In this context, the increasing frequency of human-induced excessive loading of nutrients causes major problems in aquatic systems. Previous studies investigating how functional diversity influences the response of food webs to disturbances have mainly considered systems with at most two functionally diverse trophic levels. We investigated the effects of functional diversity on the robustness, i.e. resistance, resilience and elasticity, using a tritrophic ---and thus more realistic---plankton food web model. We compared a non-adaptive food chain with no diversity within the individual trophic levels to a more diverse food web with three adaptive trophic levels. The species fitness differences were balanced through trade-offs between defense/growth rate for prey and selectivity/half-saturation constant for predators. We showed that the resistance, resilience and elasticity of tritrophic food webs decreased with larger perturbation sizes and depended on the state of the system when the perturbation occurred. Importantly, we found that a more diverse food web was generally more resistant and resilient but its elasticity was context-dependent. Particularly, functional diversity reduced the probability of a regime shift towards a non-desirable alternative state. The basal-intermediate interaction consistently determined the robustness against a nutrient pulse despite the complex influence of the shape and type of the dynamical attractors. This relationship was strongly influenced by the diversity present and the third trophic level. Overall, using a food web model of realistic complexity, this study confirms the destructive potential of the positive feedback loop between biodiversity loss and robustness, by uncovering mechanisms leading to a decrease in resistance, resilience and potentially elasticity as functional diversity declines.</p>
Supplementary Data for: Shifts in food webs and niche stability shaped survivorship and extinction at the end-Cretaceous
<p>This compendium of files includes a list of statistical routines (Data S1) and cleaned fossil datasets from the Paleobiology Database (Data S2 to S3) for the <em>Science Avances</em> paper "<em>Shifts in food webs and niche stability shaped survivorship and extinction at the end-Cretaceous</em>". Data S1 and Data S2 can be opened in Microsoft Office and Data S3 can be imported in R using the <em>load()</em> command. Data S2 and S3 contain the same information (i.e., cleaned fossil datasets) but in different formats (<em>xlsx</em> vs. <em>RData</em>).</p> <p>Please, feel free to send an email to the maintainer Dr. Jorge García Girón (jogarg@unileon.es) if you face any trouble downloading, opening or using these files.</p>
FIGURE 1 in First study of food webs in a large glacial river: the trophic role of invasive trout
FIGURE 1 | Sampling areas in the Santa Cruz River, Argentina. Upstream area corresponds to the locally known "Labyrinth", and Midstream area correspond to "Estancia San Ramon". Map created by the authors, upper picture taken from Google Earth (R).
Figure 1 in New genus of the tribe Ceutorhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the late Oligocene of Enspel, southwestern Germany, with a remark on the role of weevils in the ancient food web
Figure 1. Igneonasus rudolphi gen. et sp. nov., holotype PE 2013/5017-LS, habitus, lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 3 in New genus of the tribe Ceutorhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the late Oligocene of Enspel, southwestern Germany, with a remark on the role of weevils in the ancient food web
Figure 3. (a) Cyprinid fish Palaeorutilus enspelensis (Böhme, 1996) with digestive tract filled with weevil elytra, specimen PW 2011/5743- LS a; (b) digestive tract of counterpart specimen enlarged, PW 2011/5743-LS b; (c) coprolite made of small weevil elytra, supposedly produced by Palaeorutilus, specimen PE 2014/5144-LS.
Figure 2 in New genus of the tribe Ceutorhynchini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the late Oligocene of Enspel, southwestern Germany, with a remark on the role of weevils in the ancient food web
Figure 2. Igneonasus rudolphi gen. et sp. nov., holotype PE 2013/5017-LS, contour of body, lateral view. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 9 in The web amount and quality of web spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), depending on food and temperature
Figure 9. Amounts of food consumed by Holocnemus pluchei at 25–30 °C (1: Drosophyla melanogaster; 2: food caught with insect net).
Figure 8 in The web amount and quality of web spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), depending on food and temperature
Figure 8. Food amounts of Holocnemus pluchei at 20–25 °C (1: Drosophila melanogaster; 2: food caught with insect net).
Figure 7 in The web amount and quality of web spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), depending on food and temperature
Figure 7. Food amounts of Agelena labyrinthica at 25–30°C (1: Drosophila melanogaster; 2: food caught with insect net).
Figure 6 in The web amount and quality of web spiders (Agelenidae, Pholcidae), Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) and Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli, 1763), depending on food and temperature
Figure 6. Food amounts of Agelena labyrinthica at 20–25°C (1:Drosophila melanogaster; 2: food caught with insect net). Table 4. The Mann–Whitney U test results of the amounts of food consumed under different conditions.
Fig. 3 in The role of cladocerans in green and brown food web coupling
Fig. 3. The proportion of the contribution of POC, phytoplankton, and biofilm to cladoceran biomass in the three PIAP lagoons. Boxplots show the quartiles of 97.5%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 2.5%. The lower and upper boxes indicate the 25% and 50% quartiles. Likewise, the lower and upper vertical lines indicate the 97.5% and 2.5% quartiles and the horizontal lines show the mode of contribution.
FIGURE 7 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 7 | Relationships between body size (standard length, mm) and total Hg of fishes commonly used for consumption. Top panel (non-mined) contains three species that were common at mined sites (bottom panel). Relationships were estimated for five species that are commonly found and consumed, and for what a class structure was observed. Symbols represent individual fish. Clear diamonds = frugivores [1 sp.: Myloplus asterias (n = 19)], dark triangles = carnivores [1 sp.: Serrasalmus eigenmanni (n = 14)], green circles = piscivores [(3 spp.: S. rhombeus (n = 24), Ageneiosus ucayalensis (n = 2), Hoplias malabaricus (n = 1)].
FIGURE 6 in The cost of gold: Mercury contamination of fishes in a Neotropical river food web
FIGURE 6 | Mean Hg concentrations (dry weight) in sediments and instream biota separated by trophic groups (producers and consumers) between mined and non-mined sites in the Mazaruni River, Guyana. Species were grouped together based on their trophic guild. Polynomial trendline: y = 0.05x2 - 0.22x + 0.28, coefficient of determination R² = 0.98.
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