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371 results for “forest ecosystem”
Urbanization and fragmentation have opposing effects on soil nitrogen availability in temperate forest ecosystems.
Nitrogen (N) availability relative to plant demand has been declining in recent years in terrestrial ecosystems throughout the world, a phenomenon known as N oligotrophication. The temperate forests of the northeastern U.S. have experienced a particularly steep decline in bioavailable N, which is expected to be exacerbated by climate change. This region has also experienced rapid urban expansion in recent decades that leads to forest fragmentation, and it is unknown whether and how these changes affect N availability and uptake by forest trees. Many studies have examined the impact of either urbanization or forest fragmentation on nitrogen (N) cycling, but none to our knowledge have focused on the combined effects of these co-occurring environmental changes. We examined the effects of urbanization and fragmentation on oak-dominated (Quercus spp.) forests along an urban to rural gradient from Boston to central Massachusetts (MA). At eight study sites along the urbanization gradient, plant and soil measurements were made along a 90 m transect from a developed edge to an intact forest interior. Rates of net ammonification, net mineralization, and foliar N concentrations were significantly higher in urban than rural sites, while net nitrification and foliar C:N were not different between urban and rural forests. At urban sites, foliar N and net ammonification and mineralization were higher at forest interiors compared to edges, while net nitrification and foliar C:N were higher at rural forest edges than interiors. These results indicate that urban forests in the northeastern U.S. have greater soil N availability and N uptake by trees compared to rural forests, counteracting the trend for widespread N oligotrophication in temperate forests around the globe. Such increases in available N are diminished at forest edges, however, demonstrating that forest fragmentation has the opposite effect of urbanization on coupled N availability and demand by trees.
Less fuel for the next fire? Short-interval fire delays forest recovery and interacting drivers amplify effects, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Montana and Wyoming, USA
As 21st-century climate and disturbance dynamics depart from historical baselines, ecosystem resilience is uncertain. Multiple drivers are changing simultaneously, and interactions among drivers could amplify ecosystem vulnerability to change. We explored how interacting drivers affected post-fire recovery of subalpine forests, which Subalpine forests in Greater Yellowstone (Northern Rocky Mountains, USA) were historically resilient to infrequent (100-300 year), severe fire., in Greater Yellowstone (Northern Rocky Mountains, USA). We sampled paired short- (< 30 year) and long- (> 125 year) interval post-fire plots most recently last burned between 1988 and 2018 to address two questions: (1) How do short-interval fire, climate, topography, and distance to unburned live forest edge and other factors (topography, distance to live edge) interact to affect post-fire forest recoveryregeneration? (2) How do forest biomass and fuels vary following short- versus long-interval severe fires? Mean post-fire live stem density was an order of magnitude lower following short- versus long-interval fires (3,240 versus 28,741 stems ha-1, respectively). Differences between paired plots increased with greater climate water deficit normal (ρ = 0.67) and were amplified at longer distances to live forest edge. Surprisingly, warmer-drier climate was associated with higher seedling densities even after short-interval fire, likely relating to regional variation in serotiny of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Unlike conifers, density of aspen (Populus tremuloides), a deciduous resprouter, increased with short- versus long-interval fire (mean 384 versus 62 stems ha-1, respectively). Live biomass and canopy fuels remained low nearly 30 years after short-interval fire, in contrast to rapid recovery after long-interval fire, suggesting that future burn severity may be reduced for several decades following reburns. Short-interval plots also had half as much dead woody biomass compar
Data for: Sparse subalpine forest recovery pathways, plant communities, and carbon stocks 34 years after stand-replacing fire (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA; 2022)
We assessed postfire forest recovery pathways, stem densities, understory plant communities, and carbon stocks across 55 plots in areas exhibiting sparse and reduced forest recovery 34 years after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA. Recovery pathways were identified using plot-level frequency distributions of tree ages and correlated with potentially important biotic and abiotic variables (e.g., elevation, seed source distance). Species- and age-specific stem densities were similarly regressed across environmental factors to determine variability in forest recovery across the sampled landscape. Understory plant communities were sampled in 0.25m-square quadrats and environmental drivers of individual species occurrence and whole compositional shifts were determined. Finally, carbon stock sizes were derived from field measures of tree characteristics, understory cover, and soil combined with regionally derived allometric equations. Data collection is complete and is part of a forthcoming manuscript at Ecological Monographs.
Multiple Element Limitation in Northern Hardwood Ecosystems (MELNHE): Nitrogen and phosphorus additions affect fruiting of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a temperate hardwood forest, 2018
The functioning of mycorrhizal symbioses is tied to soil nutrient status, suggesting that nutrient availability should influence the reproduction of mycorrhizal fungi. To quantify the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability on ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, we collected > 4,000 epigeous sporocarps representing 19 families during the course of a season in a full factorial NxP addition experiment in six replicate forest stands. Nutrient effects on fruiting shifted as the season progressed, with early fruiting species responding more to P and late-fruiting species responding more to N. The composition of species fruiting in young successional forests differed more with nutrient addition than in mature forests. Sporocarp abundance and species richness were suppressed by N addition. This work shows that N and P availability affect ectomycorrhizal fungal fruiting, with these effects taking place within a context defined by stand age and the progression of fruiting across the season. The data table in this data package contains the sprorocarp observation counts and biomass. Corresponding DNA sequences can be found in GenBank at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/?term=MT345178%3AMT345282%5Baccn%5D Additional detail on the MELNHE project, including a datatable of site descriptions and a pdf file with the project description and diagram of plot configuration can be found in this data package: https://portal.edirepository.org/nis/mapbrowse?packageid=knb-lter-hbr.344.2 These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Tree Growth Data in support of "Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems", Conrad-Rooney et al. PNAS 2025
Data associated with the publication: Conrad-Rooney E, AB Reinmann, PH Templer. Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025. This dataset includes cumulative stem biomass carbon data (from pre-treatment in 2012 until 2022) and annual stem biomass growth rates (not cumulative) for 2015-2022 for the red maple trees at the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Soil Temperature, Soil Frost, and Snow Depth Data in support of "Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems", Conrad-Rooney et al. PNAS 2025
Data associated with the publication: Conrad-Rooney E, AB Reinmann, PH Templer. Declining Winter Snowpack Offsets Carbon Storage Enhancement from Growing Season Warming in Northern Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025. This dataset includes soil temperature (winter 2021-2022) and snow depth and frost depth (winter 2022-2023) at the Climate Change Across Seasons Experiment. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Ecosystem-Scale Rainfall Manipulation in a Piñon-Juniper Forest at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Meteorological Data (2006-2013 )
Climate models predict that water limited regions around the world will become drier and warmer in the near future, including southwestern North America. We developed a large-scale experimental system that allows testing of the ecosystem impacts of precipitation changes. Four treatments were applied to 1600 m2 plots (40 m × 40 m), each with three replicates in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniper monosperma) ecosystem. These species have extensive root systems, requiring large-scale manipulation to effectively alter soil water availability. Treatments consisted of: 1) irrigation plots that receive supplemental water additions, 2) drought plots that receive 55% of ambient rainfall, 3) cover-control plots that receive ambient precipitation, but allow determination of treatment infrastructure artifacts, and 4) ambient control plots. Our drought structures effectively reduced soil water potential and volumetric water content compared to the ambient, cover-control, and water addition plots. Drought and cover control plots experienced an average increase in maximum soil and air temperature at ground level of 1-4° C during the growing season compared to ambient plots, and concurrent short-term diurnal increases in maximum air temperature were also observed directly above and below plastic structures. Our drought and irrigation treatments significantly influenced tree predawn water potential, sap-flow, and net photosynthesis, with drought treatment trees exhibiting significant decreases in physiological function compared to ambient and irrigated trees. Supplemental irrigation resulted in a significant increase in both plant water potential and xylem sap-flow compared to trees in the other treatments. This experimental design effectively allows manipulation of plant water stress at the ecosystem scale, permits a wide range of drought conditions, and provides prolonged drought conditions comparable to historical droughts in the past – drought events for which wide
Ecosystem-Scale Rainfall Manipulation in a Piñon-Juniper Forest at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Volumetric Water Content (VWC) at 5 cm Depth Data (2006- )
Climate models predict that water limited regions around the world will become drier and warmer in the near future, including southwestern North America. We developed a large-scale experimental system that allows testing of the ecosystem impacts of precipitation changes. Four treatments were applied to 1600 m2 plots (40 m × 40 m), each with three replicates in a piñon pine (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniper monosperma) ecosystem. These species have extensive root systems, requiring large-scale manipulation to effectively alter soil water availability. Treatments consisted of: 1) irrigation plots that receive supplemental water additions, 2) drought plots that receive 55% of ambient rainfall, 3) cover-control plots that receive ambient precipitation, but allow determination of treatment infrastructure artifacts, and 4) ambient control plots. Our drought structures effectively reduced soil water potential and volumetric water content compared to the ambient, cover-control, and water addition plots. Drought and cover control plots experienced an average increase in maximum soil and air temperature at ground level of 1-4° C during the growing season compared to ambient plots, and concurrent short-term diurnal increases in maximum air temperature were also observed directly above and below plastic structures. Our drought and irrigation treatments significantly influenced tree predawn water potential, sap-flow, and net photosynthesis, with drought treatment trees exhibiting significant decreases in physiological function compared to ambient and irrigated trees. Supplemental irrigation resulted in a significant increase in both plant water potential and xylem sap-flow compared to trees in the other treatments. This experimental design effectively allows manipulation of plant water stress at the ecosystem scale, permits a wide range of drought conditions, and provides prolonged drought conditions comparable to historical droughts in the past – drought events for which wide
Meteorological and Ecosystem Flux Data for: Net ecosystem production in an old-growth tropical dry forest in Northwestern Mexico
<p>This dataset accompanies the paper: Net ecosystem production in an old-growth tropical dry forest in Northwestern México which is submitted for publication at the Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences</p> <p>With this data set, we explore the functionality as a carbon source or sink of an old-growth tropical dry forest in the carbon cycle and its functional relationship with water and light across years with different precipitation patterns in Northwestern México, using 3 continuous years of water, energy, and carbon flux measurements from an eddy covariance tower and also a meteorological arrangement.</p>
A comprehensive data-based assessment of forest ecosystem carbon stocks in the U.S. 1907-2012
<p>This excel file contains data on forest ecosystem Carbon stocks in the United States from 1907-2012 used to create figures 2 (a) (b), 3, 4, 5 (a) (b) presented in the article "A comprehensive data-based assessment of forest ecosystem carbon stocks in the U.S. 1907-2012".</p>
Data from: Deer-mediated ecosystem service vs. disservice depends on forest management intensity
MANUSCRIPT ABSTRACT <p>As global terrestrial biodiversity declines via land-use intensification, society has placed increasing value on non-commercial species as providers of ecosystem services. Yet, many deer species and non-crop plants are perceived negatively when they decrease crop productivity, leading to reduced economic gains and human-wildlife conflict. We hypothesized that deer provide an ecosystem service in forest plantations by controlling competition and promoting crop-tree growth, although the effects of herbivory may depend on forest management intensity. If management negatively affects foraging habitat at local and landscape scales, then we expected browsing to shift to less-palatable crop trees. To test these hypotheses, we established a 5-year experiment that manipulated early forest management intensity via herbicide treatments and access of two deer species to vegetation via exclosures. Contrary to our hypothesis, deer provided an ecosystem service at high management intensities and a disservice occurred with low-intensity management. Crop-tree growth and survival was greatest when herbivory and herbicides suppressed broadleaf regeneration. In contrast, crop-tree growth was lowest when broadleaf vegetation was retained and crop-trees were subject to both browse damage and competition. We found a positive, yet variable, association between deer detections and stand- and landscape-scale broadleaf habitat, and despite initial reductions in forage, herbivory pressure was similar among management intensities. When broadleaf vegetation was suppressed by herbicides and herbivory, selection of herbaceous forage by deer intensified, likely aiding in the service. Overall, our findings indicate that the effects of vegetation management for promoting timber production are highly dependent on the presence of large herbivores.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Although deer are thought to reduce crop productivity in many systems, we found that herbivory switched from reducing crop tree growth where non-crop vegetation was retained, to promoting crop tree growth when both herbivory and herbicides suppressed competing vegetation. However, the provision of this ecosystem service is likely contingent on the amount of forage available in the landscape and subsequent foraging pressure. We conclude that nature's capacity to provide ecosystem services depends on the intensity of management at local and landscape scales.</p>
Supply of and demand for forest ecosystem services (including various GIS forest descriptors)
<p>This data-set shows distribution of supply of and demand for forest ecosystem services (total of 11) across Europe. Various descriptors of forests are included, including location embeddings. All data is a raster on 1 x 1 km spatial resolution. Detailed description is presented in the Metadata & Data description file. Associated code for is available at https://github.com/marcuslovricus/FES_supply_demand</p>
Risk response towards roads is consistent across multiple species in a temperate forest ecosystem
<p>Roads can have diverse impacts on wildlife species, and while some species may adapt effectively, others may not. Studying multiple species' responses to the same infrastructure in a given area can help understand this variation and reveal the effects of disturbance on the ecology of wildlife communities. This study investigates the behavioural responses of four species with distinctive ecological and behavioural traits to roads in the protected Bohemian Forest Ecosystem in Central Europe: European roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus), </em>a<em> </em>solitary herbivore; red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) a gregarious herbivore; wild boar (<em>Sus scrofa</em>), a gregarious omnivore and Eurasian lynx (<em>Lynx lynx</em>), a solitary large carnivore. We used GPS data gathered from each species to study movement behaviour and habitat selection in relation to roads using an integrated step selection analysis. For all species and sexes, we predicted increased movement rates in response to roads, selection of vegetation cover near roads and open areas after road crossings, and increased road avoidance during the day. We found remarkably similar behavioural responses towards roads across species. The behavioural adaptations to road exposure, such as increased movement rates and selection for vegetation cover, were analogous to responses to natural predation risk. Roads were more strongly avoided during daytime, when traffic volume was high. Road crossings were more frequent at twilight and at night within open areas offering food resources. Gregarious animals exposed to roads favoured stronger road avoidance over faster movements. Ungulates crossed roads more at twilight, coinciding with commuter traffic during winter. Despite differences in the ecology and behaviour of the four species, our results showed similar adaptations towards a common threat. These insights can be used by managers to promote safer road crossings where roads interfere with animals' natural behaviour. The continuous expansion of the global transportation network should be accompanied by efforts to understand and minimise the impact of roads on wildlife to assist wildlife management and ensure conservation.</p>
Radiocarbon Isotopic Disequilibrium Shows Little Incorporation of New Carbon in Mineral Soils of a Boreal Forest Ecosystem
<p><span>Files for the manuscript “</span><span>Radiocarbon Isotopic Disequilibrium Shows Little Incorporation of New Carbon in Soils and Fast Cycling of a </span><span>Boreal</span><span> Forest Ecosystem”</span></p> <p> </p> <p>1. “Raw_Data” folder contains the files in .xlsx:</p> <p>- Lab_Atmospheric_Samples: D14C results from ambient air at the sampled heights.</p> <p>- Lab_Soil_Respiration: D14C results with date and integration time for the FFSR sampling<span> </span>campaign.</p> <p>- Lab_Solid_Samples:<span> </span>D14C and TOC results for soil, vegetation, roots, fungi and incubation samples.</p>
FIGURE 24 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 24. Length and width dimensions for coprolites investigated for cuticle in this work (red dots), overlain on a summary of Wood and Wilmshurst (2014, fig. 3). The blue curve contains the range of genetically confirmed moa coprolites in their study, and the small yellow dot indicates the size of their one genetically determined kakapo coprolite, and the green are those of their 'putative' kakapo coprolites. There is a clear group of coprolites in the present study which are well beyond the range of even 'putative' kakapo, and are regarded as moa (Coprolites-11, 14, 15, 16, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 51, 58, 60, 62, 78, 110, 111).
FIGURE 23 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 23. Coprolites regarded here as moa, based on their size (scale bar equals 30 mm). A. Coprolite-25, containing Poaceae (Shelter-32). B. Coprolite-26, containing Pseudopanax ferox, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Sophora microphylla (Shelter-32). C. Coprolite-15, containing Coprosma sp., Olearia sp, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Pseudopanax ferox, Rubus sp., Sophora microphylla (Shelter-102). D. Coprolite-111, containing Sophora microphylla, Pittosporum tennuifolium, Rubus sp.,?Hebe (Shelter-50). E. Coprolite-16, containing Sophora microphylla, Hebe?cupressoides (Shelter-102). F. Coprolite-62, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-70). G. Coprolite-14, containing Hebe cupressoides, Sophora microphylla, Rubus sp., Pittosporum tennuifolium (Shi.e. elter-102). H. Coprolite-60, containing Sophora microphylla (Shelter-103).
FIGURE 22 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 22. Pseudopanax leaf (reflected light) and cuticle morphology (transmitted light microscopy). A. Intact Pseudopanax ferox leaf (LX3111, Shelter-37, scale bar equals 10 mm). B. Pseudopanax ferox stomatal complexes on abaxial surface (LX2711, Shelter-1, scale bar equals 100 μm). C. Pseudopanax ferox (LX5490, Coprolite-15, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH5338, scale bar equals 100 μm). E. Pseudopanax crassifolious, abaxial surface also showing much larger and more irregular epidermal cells (modern reference material, OPH9835, scale bar equals 100 μm).
FIGURE 21 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 21. Pittosporum tenuifolium cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Paracytic stomatal complexes on adaxial surface with a relatively sharply bounded trichome base at lower left (LX2576, Shelter-63, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Paracytic stomatal complexes on abaxial surface with a more typical indistinctly bounded trichome base at upper right (LX2455, Shelter-111, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 20 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 20. Olearia sp. cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Abaxial surface showing a dense mass of trichome bases obscuring most stomatal complexes (LX2495, Coprolite-13, scale bar equals 40 μm). B. Non-stomatal (adaxial) surface showing a trichome attachment scar extending over several epidermal cells (LX3147, Shelter-12, scale bar equals 40 μm).
FIGURE 13 in A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand
FIGURE 13. Loranthaceae (Korthalsella and Illiostylus) cuticle morphology (Transmitted light microscopy). A. Korthalsella sp., showing generally aligned stomatal complexes (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 100 μm). B. Korthalsella sp., detail showing a single stomatal complex (LX2450, Shelter-82, scale bar equals 40 μm). C. Korthalsella sp., showing stomatal orientation perpendicular to epidermal cell rows (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 100 μm). D. Korthalsella sp., detail of stomatal complex (LX3371, Coprolite-79, scale bar equals 40 μm). E. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 100 μm). F. Korthalsella salicornioides for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH9239, scale bar equals 40 μm). G. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm). H. Illiostylus micranthus for comparison (Herbarium specimen, OPH8301, scale bar equals 100 μm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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