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FIGURE 1 in Bird fossils from Ankilitelo Cave: Inference about Holocene environmental changes in Southwestern Madagascar
FIGURE 1. Map of southwestern Madagascar, including the location of Ankilitelo Cave and other sites mentioned in the text.
Figure 7 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 7. Strict consensus tree of the two most parsimonious trees (tree length = 246, consistency index = 0.44 and retention index = 0.63) resulting from the phylogenetic analysis. Bootstrap support values are indicated next to the internodes. †Extinct taxa.
Figure 5 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 5. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), leg bones of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms. A, N. ypresianus, left femur in cranial view. B, left femur of '?Colymboides metzleri' from the early Oligocene of Germany (SMNS 80739/2a) in cranial view; the bone is coated with ammonium chloride, and surrounding matrix was digitally removed. C, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), left femur in cranial view. D, E, N. ypresianus, proximal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (D) and caudal (E) view. F, G, N. ypresianus, distal portion of right tibiotarsus in cranial (F) and distal (G) view. H, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, distal end of left tibiotarsus (SMF Av 589) in cranial view. I, G. stellata (SMF 7241), distal end of
Figure 3 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 3. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), sternum, pectoral girdle bones and vertebrae of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24), in comparison to fossil and extant Gaviiformes. A‒D, N. ypresianus, sternum in ventral (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C) and cranial (D) view. E, F, N. ypresianus, furcula in caudolateral (E) and caudal (F) view. G, H, Gavia stellata (SMF 7241), furcula in caudolateral (G) and caudal (H) view. I, J, N. ypresianus, right coracoid in dorsal (I) and ventral (J) view. K, left coracoid of Colymboides anglicus (holotype, NHMUK A 30330) from the late Eocene of England in dorsal view. L, right coracoid of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in dorsal view. M, N. ypresianus, right scapula in lateral view. N, right scapula of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in lateral view. O, P, N. ypresianus, thoracic (O) and caudal (P) vertebrae. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; apf, apophysis furculae; car, carina sterni; cvx, convexity on medial margin of extremitas sternalis; exo, extremitas omalis; exs, extremitas sternalis; fns, foramen nervi supracoracoidei; pct, processus costales; pla, processus lateralis; plc, pleurocoel; ppc, processus procoracoideus; spe, spina externa; trv, processus transversus. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 2 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 2. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), quadrate, pterygoid and mandible of the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) in comparison to extant Gaviidae and Rallidae. A‒E, N. ypresianus, right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), caudal (C), cranial (D) and ventral (E) view. F‒J, right quadrate of Gavia stellata (SMF 14210) in lateral (F), medial (G), caudal (H), cranial (I) and ventral (J) view; the arrow in G denotes a detail of the articular surface for the pterygoid. K‒M, N. ypresianus, right pterygoid in dorsal (K), ventral (L) and lateral (M) view. N‒P, right pterygoid of G. stellata (SMF 14210) in dorsal (N), ventral (O) and lateral (P) view. Q, N. ypresianus, rostral half of mandible in dorsal view. R, G. stellata (SMF 14213), mandible in dorsal view. S, Fulica atra Linnaeus, 1758 (Rallidae; SMF 16019), mandible in dorsal view. Abbreviations: arf, articular facet for pterygoid; cas, concave lateral articular surface of condylus medialis; cdc, condylus caudalis; cdl, condylus lateralis; cdm, condylus medialis; cdp, condylus pterygoideus; cpo, capitulum oticum; cps, capitulum squamosum; cqj, cotyla quadratojugalis; fos, pit-like fossa; orb, processus orbitalis; tsc, tuberculum subcapitulare. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 1. A‒C in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 1. A‒C, The holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24) of Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK). A, overview picture of the fossil in 2008, with various bones still in situ. B, condition of the fossil before 2008, based on a photograph from Michael Daniels; note that the right tibiotarsus was not yet fixed to the dorsal surface of the sternum at this time. C, current condition of the specimen, with most bones being removed from the matrix (most preparation work was done by M. Daniels). D, carpometacarpus of the referred specimen (NMS.2021.40.25). Abbreviations: fur, furcula; lfe, left femur; lhu, left humerus; lsc, left scapula; mdb, mandible; rco, right coracoid; rhu, right humerus; rsc, right scapula; rtb, right tibiotarsus; rtm, right tarsometatarsus; ste, sternum. Scale bar: 10 mm.
Figure 4 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 4. Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Walton-on-the-Naze (Essex, UK), wing bones in comparison to fossil and extant gaviiforms and to Australornis lovei from the late early Palaeocene of New Zealand. Except for X, which is from the referred specimen NMS.2021.40.25, all bones of N. ypresianus are from the holotype (NMS.Z.2021.40.24). A, B, N. ypresianus, right (A) and left (B) humerus in caudal (A) and cranial (B) view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. C, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi from the middle Eocene of Ukraine, left humerus lacking proximal end (SMF Av 545) in cranial view. D, left humerus of Gavia stellata (SMF 7241) in cranial view; the arrow denotes a detail of the distal end. E, Australornis lovei (holotype, CM 2010.108.2), right humerus in caudal view. F‒H, N. ypresianus, left ulna in ventral (F), cranial (G) and dorsal (H) view. I, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, right ulna (SMF Av 548) in ventral view. J, right ulna of`?Colymboides metzleri' from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. K, L, left ulna of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral (K) and cranial (L) view. M, N, N. ypresianus, proximal (M; cranial view) and distal (N; ventral view) ends of left ulna. O, P, Colymbiculus udovichenkoi, proximal (O; cranial view) and distal (P; ventral view) ends of right ulna (SMF Av 548). Q, R, G. stellata, proximal (Q; cranial view) and distal (R; ventral view) ends of left ulna (SMF 7241). S, N. ypresianus, proximal end of left carpometacarpus in ventral view. T, N. ypresianus, os carpi ulnare. U, N. ypresianus, os carpi radiale. V, G. stellata, os carpi ulnare (SMF 7241). W, G. stellata, os carpi radiale (SMF 4435). X, N. ypresianus, left carpometacarpus of referred specimen (NMS.Z.2021.40.25) in ventral view. Y, right carpometacarpus of '?Colymboides metzleri' from the early Oligocene of Belgium (IRSNB Av 85) in ventral view. Z, left carpometacarpus of G. stellata (SMF 7241) in ventral view. Abbreviations: bcp, crista bicipitalis; cdd, condylus dorsalis; cdp, crista deltopectoralis; cdv, condylus ventralis; ctd, cotyla dorsalis; ctv, cotyla ventralis; flx, processus flexorius; fur, transverse furrow; imc, incisura metacarpalis; ntc, notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis; olc, olecranon; oma, os metacarpale alulare; pal, processus alularis; pex, processus extensorius; pis, processus pisiformis; tbc, tuberculum carpale; tbd, tuberculum dorsale; tsv, tuberculum supracondylare ventrale. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 6. A in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 6. A, right foot (dorsal view) of Nasidytes ypresianus gen. et sp. nov. from the early Eocene London Clay of Waltonon-the-Naze (Essex, UK) (NMS.Z.2021.40.24); identification of the pedal phalanges is tentative. B, composite right foot of Gavia stellata in dorsal view (tarsometatarsus: SMF 7241; toes: SMF 2493, left side, mirrored). The digits are numbered. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 8 in Oldest fossil loon documents a pronounced ecomorphological shift in the evolution of gaviiform birds
Figure 8. Summary of phylogenetic interrelationships and stratigraphic occurrences of stem group Gaviiformes and other taxa of Aequornithes; the phylogeny of the extant taxa is based on the studies by Prum et al. (2015) and Kuhl et al. (2021) and differs from the tree topology obtained in the morphology-based analysis performed in the present study. For gaviiform birds, the nodes are characterized by the following characters: (1) hypotarsus with distinct sulci for tendons of musculus flexor hallucis longus and m. flexor perforatus digiti 2; (2) humerus with elongated tuberculum supracondylare ventrale; tibiotarsus with narrow and strongly elongated cristae cnemiales; (3) distal end of ulna with enlarged tuberculum carpale; os metacarpale alulare long and without well-delimited processus extensorius and processus alularis (the carpometacarpus of Colymbiculus is unknown); femur strongly abbreviated and stout; and (4) os carpi ulnare with distinct notch for tendon of musculus ulnometacarpalis ventralis. Stratigraphic occurrences of non-gaviiform Aequornithes (red bars) are from Mayr (2022); the interrupted bars indicate uncertain fossil records for Pelecanidae and Sulidae.
Data from: Extant-only comparative methods fail to recover the disparity preserved in the bird fossil record
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Data from: The effect of weathering on bird bone survivorship in modern and fossil saline-alkaline lake environments
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Cladistic matrix targeted at resolving relationships between fossil birds from the Changma locality of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation
<p>We describe six specimens consisting of cranial remains and associated partial presacral axial series belonging to ornithuromorph birds from the Changma locality of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation of northwestern Gansu Province, China. Comparison among specimens is limited by the paucity of overlapping elements, their differing exposed views, and, in some specimens, poor preservation. Despite this, three separate taxa are represented, evidenced by differences in their dentary dentitions: one specimen is edentulous, another has sharp, closely spaced, relatively high-crowned and peg-like teeth, and a third preserves blunt, relatively low-crowned teeth placed in a communal groove, a morphology previously reported among adult birds only in Hesperornithiformes. We propose that the high-crowned specimen may be referred to Gansus yumenensis based on shared similarities with the closely related Iteravis huchzermeyeri, including a very similar dentition and an edentulous premaxilla with elongate, unfused frontal processes and no palatal processes. The two other specimens are considered new taxa, for which we erect the names Meemannavis ductrix gen. et sp. nov. and Brevidentavis zhangi gen. et sp. nov. These new specimens confirm that the Changma locality is dominated by ornithuromorph birds and contribute to a better understanding of this important avifauna. The observed variation in dental morphology hints at trophic diversity like that observed in ornithuromorphs from the penecontemporaneous Jehol Group of northeastern China.</p>
FIGURE 5. Bird fossil and subfossil remains from test pit D. 1 in Late Holocene land vertebrate fauna from Cueva de los Nesofontes, Western Cuba: Stratigraphy, chronology, diversity, and paleoecology
FIGURE 5. Bird fossil and subfossil remains from test pit D. 1, Cathartes aura maxilla in lateral and dorsal view. 2, proximal tibiotarsus of Colaptes cf. fernandinae. 3, the humerus of Psittacara eups. 4, distal coracoid of Progne cf. cryptoleuca or subis. 5, humerus of Tachycineta bicolor (FLMNH-UF 17685); 6, humerus of Tachycineta cf. bicolor. 7, humerus of Geotrygon cf. chrysia. 8, humerus of Sphyrapicus varius. 9, humerus of Melanerpes superciliaris. 10, tarsometatarsus (left) and humerus of Margarobyas lawrencii. 11, humerus of Saurothera merlini. The numbers on specimens are field numbers. Each scale bar represents 10 mm.
Cladistic matrix targeted at resolving relationships between fossil birds from the Changma locality of the Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation
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Data and code for calibrating the genomic clock of modern birds using fossils
<p>Data files and code used for producing the analyses in Figure 1 of Claramunt et al. in review. Calibrating the genomic clock of modern birds using fossils.</p>
FIGURE 3 in The Fossil Birds of Peter Lund
FIGURE 3. Neochen pugil (Winge). Holotype: a—left tarsometatarsus (ZMUC 12084), b—right carpometacarpus (ZMUC 12044), c—proximal end of the left humerus (ZMUC 12017), d—right coracoid (ZMUC 12115), e—left tibiotarsus lacking the proximal end (ZMUC 12122) (courtesy of K.L. Hansen); f—life restoration (not to scale).
FIGURE 2 in The Fossil Birds of Peter Lund
FIGURE 2. Location of the municipalities in the Minas Gerais state of Brazil with the most relevant cave finds of fossil birds by Lund and others in the Lagoa Santa region: a—Lagoa Santa, for reference; b—Prudente de Morais, c—Matozinhos, d—Confins; e—Belo Horizonte, State's capital, for reference.
FIGURE 5 in The Fossil Birds of Peter Lund
FIGURE 5. Wingegyps cartellei Alvarenga & Olson. Paratypes: a—proximal end of the right ulna (ZMUC 1118), b—distal end of the right humerus (ZMUC 1116) (courtesy of K.L. Hansen); c—life restoration (not to scale). Pleistovultur nevesi Alvarenga, Brito, Migotto, Hubbe & Höfling. Holotype: d—right tibiotarsus (MHNT-VT-5238) (after Alvarenga et al. 2008); e—life restoration (not to scale).
FIGURE 1 in The Fossil Birds of Peter Lund
FIGURE 1. The Danish researchers responsible for the first studies on Brazilian fossil birds: a—Peter Wilhelm Lund (1801– 1880), b—Johannes Theodor Reinhardt (1816–1882), c—the only known picture we can attribute to Gustav Oluf Bang Winge (1855–1889) (Det Kongelige Bibliotek).
FIGURE 4 in The Fossil Birds of Peter Lund
FIGURE 4. Ciconia lydekkeri (Ameghino). Holotype: a—distal end of the left tarsometatarsus (NHMUK PV OR 18879); referred material: b—distal end of the left femur (NHMUK PV OR 12878), c—proximal end of the right tarsometatarsus (NH- MUK PV OR 18878) (courtesy of S. Chapman and F. Agnolín); d—life restoration (not to scale).
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