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481 results for “freezing”
Evolutionary footprints of cold adaptation in arctic-alpine Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) – evidence from freezing experiments and electrolyte leakage
<p><span>As </span><span>global warming progresses, plants may be forced to adapt to drastically changing environmental conditions. Arctic-alpine plants have been among the first to experience the effects of climate change. As a result, cold acclimation and freezing tolerance may become increasingly crucial for the survival as winter warming events and earlier snowmelt will cause increased exposure to occasional frost. The tribe </span><span>Cochlearieae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae) </span><span>offers an instructive system for studying cold adaptation in evolutionary terms, as the two sister genera </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>are distributed among different ecological habitats throughout the European continent and the far north into circumarctic regions. By applying an electrolyte leakage assay to leaves obtained from plants cultivated under controlled temperature regimes in growth chambers, the freezing tolerance of different </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>species was assessed measuring lethal freezing temperature values (</span><em><span>LT</span><span>50</span></em> <span>and </span><em><span>LT</span><span>100</span></em><span>), thereby allowing for a comparison across different species and accessions in their responses to cold. We hypothesized that, owing to varying selection pressures, geographically distant species would differ in freezing tolerance. Despite </span><em><span>Ionopsidium</span></em> <span>occurring under warm and dry Mediterranean conditions and </span><em><span>Cochlearia</span></em> <span>species distributed often at cold habitats, all accessions exhibited similar cold responses. The results may indicate that physiological adaptations of primary metabolic pathways to different stressors, such as salinity and drought, may confer an additional tolerance to cold; this is because all these stressors induce osmotic challenges. </span></p>
Supplementary data and videos for "'Freezing' in Pachyoliva semistriata (Caenogastropoda: Olividae) is induced olfactorily by its main predator and differs from unspecific avoidance behaviour"
<p> </p><p>The eight supplementary video and data files available below accompany my article, "'Freezing' in <i>Pachyoliva semistriata</i> (Caenogastropoda: Olividae) is induced olfactorily by its main predator and differs from unspecific avoidance behaviour", published in <i>Archiv für Molluskenkunde</i> <strong>152:</strong> 25-33 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1127/arch.moll/152/025-033.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Supplementary Data 1.</strong> Numerical data used in creating Figure 3.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 1.</strong> Two examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> freezing upon encountering tracks of <i>Agaronia propatula</i>.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 2.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing no response to stimulation.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 3.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing irritation responses.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 4.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> turning when stimulated.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 5.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> burrowing when stimulated.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 6.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing the freeze response.</p><p><strong>Supplementary Video 7.</strong> Three examples of <i>P. semistriata</i> showing active flight responses.</p>
Model output from "The chance of freezing – a conceptional study to parameterize temperature-dependent freezing by including randomness of ice-nucleating particle concentrations"
<p>Model output from "The chance of freezing – a conceptional study to parameterize temperature-dependent freezing by including randomness of ice-nucleating particle concentrations", accepted for publication in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2023, same authors.<br> The simulations were done using MIMICA version4 (Savre at el., 2014) and the data includes all model output presented in the publication.</p>
Study on the supercooling characteristics of freezing soil based on nucleation theory
<p>Abstract</p> <p>The clarification of freezing in a soil-water system is critical for assessing the formation of a freezing zone and liquid water flow. The supercooling phenomenon of soil pore solutions has been found during the freezing process, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we propose a free energy function of soil-water systems based on the Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT). The analytical solution of the critical nucleation problem of saline soil-water system is obtained by combining the initial freezing temperature model and Pitzer activity coefficients model in electrolyte solutions. Then, the freezing-thawing experiments of saline soil with various salt contents were conducted for verifying the analytical solution. The derived boundary nucleation rate is the quantitative solution of the critical condition for the supercooling. The findings suggested that the theory results agreed well with the experiment results. For the salt-free soil-water system, the critical maximum radius of supercooling was 7.15 nm. We compared eight classical ice-water interfacial tension models, and the “Reinhardt & Doye” and “DeMott & Rogers” models showed excellent performance when using the new free energy theoretical framework to predict the crystallization nucleation rate of soil-water systems. A positive correlation between the boundary nucleation rate and soil-water potential is detected. According to the influencing factors, the boundary nucleation rate of soil-water system can be divided into three zones: salt nature control zone (R>100μm), salt-pore mixed control zone (100μm>R>100nm), and pore size control zone (R<100nm).</p> <p>Plain Language Summary</p> <p>Unfrozen water refers to the soil moisture that still exists in the form of liquid water in the soil at negative temperatures, which is critical for determining the material properties of frozen soil. The phenomenon of soil water not being able to freeze as soon as the temperature falls below the freezing temperature is referred to as “supercooling”. However, the critical condition of supercooling is still unclear. In this paper, we developed a nucleation model that can be applied to saline soils based on the thermodynamic approach. Subsequently, the critical conditions were verified by freezing-thawing tests of soil samples with different salt contents. We further optimized the model of this paper by selecting the best model for the intermediate variables. Quantitative relationships between the initiation condition of supercooling and soil properties were established. We also delineated pore size intervals for distinguishing differences in supercooling properties at different pore sizes. The proposed theoretical framework is developed from Classical Nucleation Theory, which may provide a theoretical reference for revealing the freezing-thawing mechanism of soil-water systems.</p>
Data and code for: Adaptive evolution of freezing tolerance in oaks is key to their dominance in North America
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Snow flies self-amputate freezing limbs to sustain behavior at sub-zero temperatures
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Data from: Freeze-tolerant frogs accumulate cryoprotectants using photoperiod: A potential ecological trap
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Evolutionary footprints of cold adaptation in arctic-alpine Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) – evidence from freezing experiments and electrolyte leakage
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Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids
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Data for: Freeze tolerance influenced forest cover and hydrology during the Pennsylvanian
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Freeze-thaw microcosm experiment data 2021
Warmer winters with less snowfall are increasing the frequency of soil freeze-thaw cycles across temperate regions. Soil microbial responses to freeze-thaw cycles vary and some of this variation may be explained by microbial conditioning to prior winter conditions, yet such linkages remain largely unexplored. We investigated how differences in temperature history influenced microbial community composition and activity in response to freeze-thaw cycles. We collected soil microbial communities that developed under colder (high elevation) and warmer (low elevation) temperature regimes in spruce-fir forests, then added each of these soil microbial communities to a sterile bulk-soil in a laboratory microcosm experiment. The inoculated high-elevation cold and low-elevation warm microcosms were subjected to diurnal freeze-thaw cycles or constant above-freezing temperature for 9 days. Then, all microcosms were subjected to a 7-day above-freezing recovery period. Overall, we found that the high-elevation cold community had, relative to the low-elevation warm community, a smaller reduction in microbial respiration (CO2 flux) during freeze-thaw cycles. Further, the high-elevation cold community, on average, experienced lower freeze-thaw-induced bacterial mortality than the warm community and may have partly acclimated to freeze-thaw cycles via increased lipid membrane fluidity. Respiration of both microbial communities quickly recovered following the end of the freeze-thaw treatment period and there were no changes in soil extractable carbon or nitrogen. Our results provide evidence that past soil temperature conditions may influence the responses of soil microbial communities to freeze-thaw cycles. The microbial community that developed under a colder temperature regime was more tolerant of freeze-thaw cycles than the community that developed under a warmer temperature regime, although both communities displayed some level of resilience. Taken together, our data suggest that
Sap Flow in the Soil Freezing Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, 2010
The climate is changing in many temperate forests with the amount of forest area dominated by sugar maple experiencing an insulating snowpack expected to shrink between 49 and 95% compared to 1951-2005 values. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, by measuring sap flow rates in the Soil Freezing Study plots at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Analysis of these data are published in: Harrison, J.L., Reinmann, A.B., Maloney, A.S. et al. Transpiration of Dominant Tree Species Varies in Response to Projected Changes in Climate: Implications for Composition and Water Balance of Temperate Forest Ecosystems. Ecosystems (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00490-y
Local Adaptation to Freezing in High and Low Latitude Populations of L. tridentata (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico; Higuerillas, Mexico) and L. divaricata (Bajada del Diablo and Chamical, Argentina) (2006-2009))
If freezing limits establishment of warm desert shrubs at high latitudes, shrubland distributions may be altered as a result of rising global temperatures. However, variation in plant physiology and morphology can be observed across climate gradients and may be acted on by selection to produce adaptation to local climate conditions, thereby ameliorating low temperature stress. Freezing damage in evergreens is closely linked to vessel size distribution because larger xylem conduits are more likely to become air-filled during freezing. In addition, plastic variation, rather than genetic, may be responsible for differences in freezing tolerance among populations. In order to determine if local adaptation to freezing is present in two species of the genus Larrea, L. tridentata and L. divaricata, we investigated xylem vessel size distributions in field grown L. tridentata adults and saplings grown in a common garden from high latitude (Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge) and low latitude (Higuerillas, Mexico) sites in the Chihuahuan Desert in North America. High latitude (Bajada del Diablo, Argentina) and low latitude (Chamical, Argentina) populations of Larrea divaricata were selected for investigation from the Monte Desert in South America.
Data from: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze–thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions
<p>Effects of global warming are most pronounced in winter. A reduction in snow cover due to warmer atmospheric temperature in formerly cold ecosystems, however, could counteract an increase in soil temperature by reduction of insulation. Thus, soil freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) might increase in frequency and magnitude with warming, potentially leading to a disturbance of the soil biota and release of nutrients.</p> <p>Here, we assessed how soil freeze-thaw magnitude and frequency affect short-term release of nutrients in temperate deciduous forest soils by conducting a three factorial gradient experiment with ex-situ soil samples in climate chambers. The fully-crossed experiment included soils from forests dominated by <i>Fagus sylvatica</i> (European beech) that originate from different winter climate (mean coldest month temperature range ΔT > 4 K), a range of FTC magnitudes from no (T = 4.0 °C) to strong (T = -11.3 °C) soil frost, and a range of FTC frequencies (f = 0–7). We hypothesized that higher FTC magnitude and frequency, respectively, will increase the release of nutrients. Furthermore, soils from cold climates with historically stable winter soil temperatures due to deep snow cover will be more responsive to FTC than soils from warmer, more fluctuating winter soil climates.</p> <p>FTC magnitude and, to a lesser extent, also FTC frequency resulted in increased nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate release almost exclusively in soils from cold, snow-rich sites. The hierarchical regression analyses of our three-factorial gradient experiment revealed that the effects of climatic origin (mean minimum winter temperature) followed a sigmoidal curve for all studied nutrients and was modulated either by FTC magnitude (phosphate) or by FTC magnitude and frequency (nitrate, ammonium) in complex two- and, for all studied nutrients, in threefold interactions of the environmental drivers. Compared to initial concentrations, soluble nutrients were predicted to increase to 250 % for nitrate (up to 16 µg NO<sub>3</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), to 110 % for ammonium (up to 60 µg NH<sub>4</sub>-N kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), and to 400 % for phosphate (2.2 µg PO<sub>4</sub>-P kg<sup>-1</sup>DM) at the coldest site for strongest magnitude and highest frequency. Soils from warmer sites showed little nutrient release and were largely unaffected by the FTC treatments except for above-average nitrate release at the warmest sites in response to extremely cold FTC magnitude.</p> <p>We suggest that currently warmer forest soils have historically already passed the point of high responsiveness to winter climate change, displaying some form of adaptation either in the soil biotic composition or in labile nutrient sources. Our data suggests that previously cold sites, which will lose their protective snow cover during climate change, are most vulnerable to increasing FTC frequency and magnitude, resulting in strong shifts in nitrogen and phosphorus release. In nutrient poor European beech forests of the studied Pleistocene lowlands, nutrients released over winter may be leached out, inducing reduced plant growth rates in the following growing season.</p> <p>Here, we provide the raw data of a three-factorial regression experiment and the R-Code used in the hierarchical regression analysis of this raw data in Kreyling et al.: Soils from cold and snowy temperate deciduous forests release more nitrogen and phosphorus after soil freeze-thaw cycles than soils from warmer, snow-poor conditions.</p>
Behavioral effects of chronic stress in Carioca High- and Low-conditioned Freezing rats
<p><span>Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is a widely used model to study stress-coping strategies in rodents. Different factors have been shown to influence whether animals adopt passive or active coping responses to CUMS. Individual adaptation and susceptibility to the environment seem to play a critical role in this process. To further investigate this relationship, we examined the effects of CUMS on Carioca high- and low-conditioned freezing rats (CHF and CLF, respectively), bidirectional lines of animals selected for high and low freezing in response to contextual cues that were previously associated with footshocks. For this purpose, the behavior of CHF and CLF animals was evaluated in the contextual fear conditioning, open field, elevated T maze, and forced swimming tests before and after 21 days of CUMS. Animals kept under standard housing conditions were used as controls. For all tests, CHF rats were more susceptible to the effects of CUMS compared to CLF and control groups. CHF animals exposed to CUMS displayed a reduction in freezing behavior, decreased number of entries and time spent in the center of the open field, greater latencies to become immobile, and increased avoidance and escaping behaviors in the elevated T maze. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that a heightened susceptibility to the environment exerts a strong influence on coping responses to chronic stress.</span></p>
Data from: Rapid cold hardening protects against sublethal freezing injury in an Antarctic insect
Rapid cold hardening (RCH) is a type of beneficial phenotypic plasticity that occurs on extremely short time scales (minutes to hours) to enhance insects' ability to cope with cold snaps and diurnal temperature fluctuations. RCH has a well-established role in extending lower lethal limits, but its ability to prevent sublethal cold injury has received less attention. The Antarctic midge, Belgica antarctica is Antarctica's only endemic insect and has a well-studied RCH response that extends freeze tolerance in laboratory conditions. However, the discriminating temperatures used in previous studies of RCH are far below those ever experienced in the field. Here, we tested the hypothesis that RCH protects against nonlethal freezing injury. Larvae of B. antarctica were exposed to either control (2&[deg]C), direct freezing (-9&[deg]C for 24 h), or RCH (-5&[deg]C for 2 h followed by -9&[deg]C for 24 h). All larvae survived both freezing treatments, but RCH larvae recovered more quickly from freezing stress and had significantly higher metabolic rates during recovery. RCH larvae also sustained less damage to fat body and midgut tissue and had lower expression of two heat shock protein transcripts (hsp60 and hsp90), which is consistent with RCH protecting against protein denaturation. The protection afforded by RCH resulted in energy savings; directly frozen larvae experienced a significant depletion in glycogen energy stores that was not observed in RCH larvae. Together, these results provide strong evidence that RCH protects against a variety of sublethal freezing injuries and allows insects to rapidly fine-tune their performance in thermally variable environments.
Data from: Decoupled responses of soil bacteria and their invertebrate consumer to warming, but not freeze-thaw cycles, in the Antarctic Dry Valleys
Altered temperature profiles resulting in increased warming and freeze–thaw cycle (FTC) frequency pose great ecological challenges to organisms in alpine and polar ecosystems. We performed a laboratory microcosm experiment to investigate how temperature variability affects soil bacterial cell numbers, and abundance and traits of soil microfauna (the microbivorous nematode Scottnema lindsayae) from McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. FTCs and constant freezing shifted nematode body size distribution towards large individuals, driven by higher mortality among smaller individuals. FTCs reduced both bacterial and nematode abundance, but bacterial cell numbers also declined under warming, demonstrating decoupled consumer–prey responses. We predict that higher occurrence of FTCs in cold ecosystems will select for large body size within soil microinvertebrates and overall reduce their abundance. In contrast, warm temperatures without FTCs could lead to divergent responses in soil bacteria and their microinvertebrate consumers, potentially affecting energy and nutrient transfer rates in soil food webs of cold ecosystems.
Experimental dataset referring to: Non-intrusive temperature measurements for transient freezing in laminar internal flow using laser induced fluorescence
<p>This data set corresponds to the paper 'Non-intrusive temperature measurements for transient freezing in laminar internal flow using laser induced fluorescence. Please cite this paper when using this data. </p><p>The following conditions are included (for both the inlet and the centre of the channel):</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 0.5</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 5.0</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 10.0</p><p>Re = 474, T_in,set = 15.0</p><p>Each folder includes the original two-color LIF ratio-metric data and the temperature recordings of the cold-plate as well as the inlet, outlet temperatures and the flow rate (TData). The header for the recordings is included in the main dataset which may be used to navigate the columns and select the relevant data.</p><p> </p>
Indicative distribution map for Ecosystem Functional Group F1.3 Freeze-thaw rivers and streams
<p>This archive contains indicative distribution maps and profiles for <strong>F1.3 Freeze-thaw rivers and streams</strong>, a ecosystem functional group (EFG, level 3) of the <a href="https://global-ecosystems.org/">IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology</a> (v2.0). Please refer to Keith <em>et al.</em> (2020) for details.</p> <p>The descriptive profiles provide brief summaries of key ecological traits and processes, maps are indicative of global distribution patterns, and are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (value of 1, coloured red) or minor occurrences (value of 2, coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. Minor occurrences are areas where an ecosystem functional group is scattered in patches within matrices of other ecosystem functional groups or where they occur in substantial areas, but only within a segment of a larger region. Given bounds of resolution and accuracy of source data, the maps should be used to query which EFG are likely to occur within areas, rather than which occur at particular point locations. Detailed methods and references for the maps are included in the profile (xml format).</p>
Data for "Freeze-tolerant crickets fortify their actin cytoskeleton in fat body tissue"
<p>These data files and code are associated with the scientific article <br>"Freeze-tolerant crickets fortify their actin cytoskeleton in fat body tissue."<br>This material is under the same copyright protections as the article itself.</p> <p>Please see the README.txt file for more information.</p>
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