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204 results for “fundamental”
Data from: The fundamental role of character coding in Bayesian morphological phylogenetics
<p>Phylogenetic trees establish a historical context for the study of organismal form and function. Most phylogenetic trees are estimated using a model of evolution. For molecular data, modeling evolution is often based on biochemical observations about changes between character states. For example, there are four nucleotides, and we can make assumptions about the probability of transitions between them. By contrast, for morphological characters, we may not know a priori how many character states there are per character, as both extant sampling and the fossil record may be highly incomplete, which leads to an observer bias. For a given character, the state space may be larger than what has been observed in the sample of taxa collected by the researcher. In this case, how many evolutionary rates are needed to even describe transitions between morphological character states may not be clear, potentially leading to model misspecification. To explore the impact of this model misspecification, we simulated character data with varying numbers of character states per character. We then used the data to estimate phylogenetic trees using models of evolution with the correct number of character states and an incorrect number of character states. The results of this study indicate that this observer bias may lead to phylogenetic error, particularly in the branch lengths of trees. If the state space is wrongly assumed to be too large, then we underestimate the branch lengths, and the opposite occurs when the state space is wrongly assumed to be too small.</p>
Webinar: Towards bio-based paints and coatings – Fundamentals and an introduction to the PERFECOAT project
<p>The European paints and coatings market is projected to grow from USD 37.2 billion in 2023 to USD 41.6 billion by 2028 (Markets and Markets, 2023). While a majority of currently used ingredients are fossil-based, prospects show an increasing demand for sustainable paints and coatings, especially in the professional and DIY (Do it yourself) industries. To enable a smooth transition from fossil to sustainable products, the industry is in desperate need for high performance bio-based solutions especially for bio-polymers and lipids, binders, fillers, pigments and additives like functional nanomaterials. These major component groups combined account for nearly 70% of the ingredients (American Coatings Association, 2023). In the first two years of examination, the EU funded research project PERFECOAT successfully developed innovative bio-based solutions, from bio-waste and agricultural residues. These will be tested in the formulation of three use-cases: UV-curable clear coatings for wood, waterborne trim paints for DIY, and waterborne wall paints.</p> <p>At this project stage, the partners successfully developed bio-based polymers and lipids, binders, fillers, fungal pigments and dyes, as well as different additives like functional nanomaterials. These cover a variety of performance requirements like paint texture and grip, clarity, flexibility, UV resistance (no yellowing) as well as drying and curing time. </p> <p>In the first webinar “Towards bio-based paints and coatings – Fundamentals and an introduction to the PERFECOAT project” international experts will introduce the basics of paint and coatings formulation and address the potential of bio-based solutions in this field. A historic overview will address paint and coating applications and discuss the performance requirements for newly developed solutions and challenges in novel applications.</p> <p>Curious? Register for the first webinar with speakers:</p> <ul> <li>Alexander Wetzel (SINTEF), PERFECOAT project-coordinator</li> <li>Christine Louis (Evonik Coating Additives)</li> <li>Ilker Kocabiyik (Organik Kimya)</li> </ul>
Dataset for "Reinforcement Learning reveals fundamental limits on the mixing of active particles"
<p>Open access data set for manuscript "Reinforcement Learning reveals fundamental limits on the mixing of active particles" currently (2021) in preparation.</p>
Tutorial "Fundamentals of the laser flash thermal diffusivity measurements"
<p>E-learning module about the fundamentals of the laser flash thermal diffusivity measurements which is part of a tutorial series prepared in the framework of the Hi-TRACE project. </p>
Hadron Shower Simulation Data for Generative Models in Fundamental Physics
<p>Data set containing pion calorimeter showers used to train and evaluate our generative models for our Hadrons, Better, Faster, Stronger publication. Complete dataset consist of three hdf5 files:</p> <ul> <li>pion_train_uniform.hdf5 contains showers originating form pions with a uniformly distributed energy ranging form 10 GeV to 100 GeV. This set was used to train the models.</li> <li>pion_eval_uniform.hdf5 contains showers originating form pions with a uniformly distributed energy ranging form 10 GeV to 100 GeV. This set was used to evaluate the models.</li> <li>pion_eval_steps20to90.hdf5 contains showers originating form pions with discrete energies ranging form 20 GeV to 90 GeV in steps of 10 GeV. This set was used to evaluate the models.</li> </ul> <p>Each file contains a group called 'hcal_only'. This group has two dataset, 'energy' which contains the energy of the pions in GeV and 'layers' which contains the shower images, projected onto a 48x48x48 grid. For our model training this was reduced to 48x25x25 via slicing. The entries correspond to energy depositions in MeV.</p>
Original data for publication: Fundamental Loading-Curve Characteristics of the Persistent Phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+,B3+: The Effect of Temperature and Excitation Density
<p>Data for the paper:</p> <p>Teresa Delgado, Nando Gartmann, Bernhard Walfort, Fabio LaMattina, Markus Pollnau, Arnulf Rosspeintner, Jafar Afshani, Jacob Olchowka, Hans Hagemann<br> Fundamental Loading-Curve Characteristics of the Persistent Phosphor SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+,B3+: The Effect of Temperature and Excitation Density<br> Advanced Photonics Research, 2022, 3, 2100179, https://doi.org/10.1002/adpr.202100179</p>
Physiological responses of fen mosses along a nitrogen gradient point to competition restricting their fundamental niches
<p>Nutrient availability determines vegetation patterns and ecological functioning of intact groundwater-fed peatlands (fens). Bryophytes, commonly referred to as 'brown mosses', dominate calcareous fens (rich fens), are an integral part of their unique biodiversity and contribute significantly to peat formation and carbon sequestration. Brown mosses are replaced by vascular plants as nutrient availability increases. The decline of brown mosses may either be due to their physiological intolerance of high nutrient levels or to them being outcompeted by vascular plants. We aimed to distinguish between these two hypotheses by investigating whether the ecological optima reflect the physiological optima of brown mosses. Eight brown moss species, common in calcareous fens of the northern hemisphere, were grown under a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorus availability. Biomass increment, chlorophyll content and biomass nutrient concentration were measured. All brown moss species studied achieved the highest growth rates and chlorophyll contents when grown under conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations higher than those where they occur naturally at the highest frequency. Two of the species showed no growth saturation even at the highest levels of nutrient availability, while the others appeared potassium-limited at the highest N and P levels. Brown mosses dominate natural fens at the lower edge of their physiological optimum in terms of nutrient availability, i.e., their realized niche is much narrower than the fundamental one. Based on the literature, we argue that it is the competition for light with vascular plants which limits the occurrence of brown mosses in nutrient-rich habitats and prevents them from occupying their entire fundamental niche.</p>
Intensive hunting fundamentally changes human-wildlife relationships
<p>Wildlife alter their behaviors in a trade-off between consuming food and fear of becoming food themselves. The risk allocation hypothesis posits that variation in the scale, intensity, and longevity of predation threats can influence the magnitude of antipredator behavioral responses. Hunting by humans represents a threat to wildlife thought to be perceived as similar to those of a top predator, although hunting intensity and duration vary widely around the world. Here we evaluate the effects of hunting pressure on wildlife by comparing how two communities of mammals under different management schemes differ in their relative abundance and response to humans. Using camera traps to survey wildlife across disturbance levels (yards, farms, forests) in similar landscapes in southern Germany and the southeastern USA, we tested the prediction of the risk allocation hypothesis: that the higher intensity and longevity of hunting in Germany (year-round vs 3 months, 4x higher harvest/km<sup>2</sup>) would reduce relative abundance of hunted species and result in a more significant fear-based response to humans (i.e., more spatial and temporal avoidance). We further evaluated how changes in animal abundance and behavior would result in potential changes to ecological impacts (i.e., herbivory and predation). We found that hunted species were relatively less abundant in Germany and less associated with humans on the landscape (i.e., yards and urban areas), but did not avoid humans temporally in hunted areas while hunted species in the USA showed the opposite pattern. These results are consistent with the risk allocation hypothesis where we would expect more spatial avoidance in response to threats of longer duration (i.e., year-round hunting in Germany vs. 3-month duration in USA) and less spatial avoidance but more temporal avoidance for threats of shorter duration. The expected ecological impacts of mammals in all three habitats were quite different between countries, most strikingly due to the decreases in the relative abundance of hunted species in Germany, particularly deer, with no proportional increase in unhunted species, resulting in American yards facing the potential for 25x more herbivory than German yards. Our results suggest that the duration and intensity of managed hunting can have strong and predictable effects on animal abundance and behavior, with corresponding changes in the ecological impacts of wildlife. This shows that hunting can be an effective tool for reducing wildlife conflict due to overabundance but may require more intensive harvest than is seen in much of North America.</p>
Properties of Galactic B[e] supergiants. X. Refined orbit and fundamental parameters of the HD 327083 binary system.
<p>This dataset developed with MESA version r23.05.1 (May 30, 2023) and SDK version 23.7.3 (July 24, 2023), presents a comprehensive simulation of the binary system HD 327083, focusing on its evolution under specific initial conditions. </p>
Exploring the relation between fundamental frequency and spectral envelope in the perception of musical instrument sounds – sound files and participant responses
<p>This database contains synthesized instrument sounds (sounds.zip), participant responses (data.zip), and a key for the stimulus order (stimKey.zip) as complementary data to [1].</p> <p>Sounds include individual stimuli for two experiments. Experiment 1 contains stimuli used for sound pleasantness and sound brightness ratings. Every rating scale includes three acoustic conditions: congruent, incongruent, and fixed, corresponding to the relation of fundamental frequency (F0) and spectral envelope (SE). See [1] for further details on this matter. Experiment 2 contains stimuli for four synthesized instrument sounds: violin, alto voice, clarinet, and tuba. Sounds were synthesized using congruent spectral envelopes (all), and register fixed spectral envelopes (low, mid, high).</p> <p>All sounds are mono signals with a sampling frequency of 44100 Hz in WAV format.</p> <p>Data includes four sets of participant response data: sound pleasantness ratings (Exp. 1), sound brightness ratings (Exp. 1), sound pleasantness ratings (Exp. 2), and sound plausibility ratings (Exp. 2).</p> <p>StimKey provides values for the first and second principal components of the synthesis space for the pleasantness (1 to 81) and brightness (1 to 16) stimulus numbers for Exp. 1.</p> <p> </p> <p>Names convention for Exp. 2 sounds:</p> <p>InstrumentName_congruencyCondition_F0..wav</p> <p> </p> <p>References:</p> <p>[1] Jacobsen, S. and Siedenburg, K. (2024). Exploring the relation between fundamental frequency and spectral envelope in the perception of musical instrument sounds. Acta Acustica, 8, 48. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2024038">https://doi.org/10.1051/aacus/2024038</a>.</p>
The fundamental principles of natural selection, survival and adaptation
<p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Natural selection was first proposed by Mr. Darwin and Mr. Wallace. Natural selection is a process that, during successive generations, leads to the creation of hereditary traits that increase the probability of survival and reproduction of living organisms in a population. In other words, natural selection selects alleles that have characteristics that help reproduction and survival. Alleles that increase the probability of survival and reproduction are passed on to the next generation. However, I want to argue that the heritable traits that increase the likelihood of survival, adaptation, and reproduction are created by natural selection based on certain fundamental principles. In other words, for living organisms to succeed in survival and adaptation, natural selection selects the hereditary characteristics of alleles based on certain fundamental principles. Fundamental principles: 1-energy and nutrient supply; 2-security supply; 3-adapting to environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, etc.; 4-reproduction. These are the fundamental principles of natural selection that, if fulfilled, increase the probability of adaptation, survival and reproduction. Previously, these fundamental principles were briefly stated by Mr. Darwin and other biologists. However, the importance, value, and very important role of these fundamental principles in the process of natural selection and evolution have received very little attention. If we explain survival, adaptation, and natural selection without these fundamental principles, the concepts of survival, adaptation, and natural selection will not be correct and these basic and important concepts of biology will be incompletely and wrongly understood.</p> <p> </p>
The SPHINX M-dwarf Spectral Grid. I. Benchmarking New Model Atmospheres to Derive Fundamental M-Dwarf Properties
<p><strong>NEW UPDATE:::::::::::::VERSION 4</strong></p> <p>MODEL GRID AND SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES for <strong>The SPHINX M-dwarf Spectral Grid. I. Benchmarking New Model Atmospheres to Derive Fundamental M-Dwarf Properties:</strong></p> <p><strong>(1) MODEL GRID:</strong> Zip file titled 'SPHINX_MODELS_MLT_1.zip' contains a directory (376MB on disk) that is divided into three folders: ATMS, SPECTRA, and ABUNDANCES. All models here assume mixing length parameter of 1. For more info, we direct the reader to the paper.</p> <p>The ATMS directory contains thermal profiles/atmospheres of all models. (Temperature in K, Pressure in bars)</p> <p>The SPECTRA directory contains synthetic spectra. (Wavelength--0.1 to 20 microns, Flux in W/m2/m, R~250)</p> <p>The ABUNDANCES directory contains mixing ratios of all atomic and molecular species included in these models.</p> <p><strong>(2) SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES:</strong></p> <p>The plot files are named as 'target name' _ corner.</p> <p>Each file is a corner plot of posterior probability distributions from grid-model fit of low-resolution spectra of benchmark M dwarfs using the SPHINX model grid. We also include posterior distributions of Starfish (Czekala et al.2015) hyperparameters to properly constrain model and data systematics. The vertical blue lines in the plots indicate values from observations (empirically derived [M/H] from Mann et al. 2013 and interferometrically measured radii from Boyajian et al. 2012b).</p> <p>File named Gl436_mixinglength shows difference in grid model fit assuming mixing length parameter 1 vs 0.5.</p> <p>File named Gl725B_spot shows difference in grid model fit assuming stellar photospheric heterogeneity vs without.</p> <p><strong>If you use our stellar atmosphere models, please remember to cite both the zenodo doi for the open source data as well as the paper. Thank you!</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>--> link to <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/acabc2/meta">published paper</a></p>
Fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion data
<p>Fundamental-mode Rayleigh-wave group-velocity dispersion curves have been computed from 14706 regional waveforms (ray-paths) sampling India, Himalaya, Tibet and surrounding regions. These have been combined through ray-based travel-time tomography to compute 2D group-velocity maps at periods between 10 and 120~s. These ray-paths sample the region with unprecedented density and uniformity. The 2D maps have a lateral resolution of 3\deg x3\deg, comparable to the regional geology. The dispersion curves, at each 1\deg\ spaced node-points, are inverted to obtain a 3D isotropic shear-wave velocity structure.</p>
FAIRmat Tutorial 11: Research data management, from fundamentals to implementation
<p>Scientific data are the key outcome of research activities at universities, research institutes, and industrial R&D centers. With the recent surge in research data production driven by high-throughput techniques, and the digitalization of scientific methods, data management has become more critical than ever. Moreover, multidisciplinary collaborative research requires the seamless exchange of research data between team members and different laboratories.</p> <p>To ensure that these vast amounts of diverse research data are handled effectively and result in valuable human knowledge and discoveries, it is imperative that proper data management practices are implemented. This ensures that data are produced in a high-quality, reproducible, and well-documented manner so that they can be machine-actionable and reusable in the future. </p> <p>Research Data Management (RDM) refers to the practices used in handling scientific data throughout their lifecycle, from collection to reuse.</p> <p>In this interactive tutorial, we will explain the different stages of the research data lifecycle and identify the best practices for each stage. We will explore the FAIR data principles —Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable— and provide insights into their implementation during the research process. In addition, we will introduce the concept of data management plans, which define the data management process during research projects, along with practical tips on the various components and how to comply with funder requirements. </p> <p>The tutorial is divided into two sessions:</p> <ol> <li>Basic concepts and definitions of FAIR data and RDM</li> <li>Practical tips and examples for applying best practices in RDM</li> </ol> <p>After completing this tutorial, you will be able to: </p> <ul> <li>Describe the FAIR principles and understand the different aspects and implementations of FAIR data.</li> <li>Describe and justify measures for good RDM at different stages of the data lifecycle.</li> <li>Understand and explain the concepts of persistent identifiers (PID), metadata, data storage systems, etc. </li> <li>List and understand the contents of the components of a DMP according to the requirements of different funders in Europe. </li> <li>Identify the tools available to create a DMP.</li> </ul>
Stellar models for "Realistic Uncertainties for Fundamental Properties of Asteroseismic Red Giants and the Interplay Between Mixing Length, Metallicity and Numax" by Li, Yaguang et al. (2024)
<p>This dataset includes a grid of stellar models from Li, Yaguang et al. (2024), titled "Realistic Uncertainties for Fundamental Properties of Asteroseismic Red Giants and the Interplay Between Mixing Length, Metallicity and Numax".</p> <p>The stellar models are first-ascent red giant branch (RGB) models, sampled using a Sobol sequence within the following six-dimensional initial parameter space: mass (0.7, 2.3) solar mass, Y_init (0.22, 0.37), [M/H] (-0.1.0, 0.60) dex, α_MLT (1.3, 2.7), fov_core (0, 0.02), fov_shell (0, 0.008). The evolutionary tracks are computed up to the point on the RGB where the p-mode large separation (Δν) equals 2 μHz. Approximately 32,768 unique evolutionary tracks are presented, divided into 33 individual chunks.</p> <p>To load the models into a Python Pandas dataframe, use the following command: "import pandas as pd; pd.read_parquet(filepath)". Each model (dataframe row) is provided with global parameters (Teff, radius, luminosity, mass, age, ...) and pure p modes with l=0-2 (frequency, mode inertia, angular degree, ...).</p> <p>For detailed descriptions of the stellar models, please refer to the original paper and the github repository.</p>
Fundamental Limits From Chaos On Instability Time Predictions In Compact Planetary Systems
<p>REBOUND SimulationArchives analysed in Hussain & Tamayo (2019) Fundamental Limits From Chaos On Instability Time Predictions In Compact Planetary Systems. Dataset consists of a set of compact planetary configurations, and large ensembles of shadow trajectories from N-body simulations with initial conditions perturbed near machine precision to investigate the spread in instability times. Instructions and scripts for extracting the data and generating the plots in the paper can be found at https://github.com/Naireen/StabilitySetImage</p>
Gender issues in fundamental physics: a bibliometric analysis
<p>Bibliometric InSpire database (covering fundamental physics from ≈1970 to 2018) analysed in the publication “Gender issues in fundamental physics: a bibliometric analysis” (to appear on the journal Quantitative Science Studies). </p> <p>gzipped .dat table, format described in the Appendix of the publication.</p>
Data from: Fundamental properties of adjoint model and adjoint sensitivity under fully-nonlinear hydrostatic internal gravity waves
<p>This folder contains data from</p> <p>Shimizu, K. (2024), Fundamental properties of adjoint model and adjoint sensitivity under fully-nonlinear hydrostatic internal gravity waves, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 129, e2023JC020577. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC020577</p> <p>Its contents are briefly described in ReadMe.txt.</p>
Self-reported preferences for Daylight Saving Time meet fundamentals of human physiology: correlations in the 2018 Public Consultation by the European Commission
<p>Dataset for the preprint entitled "Preferences for Daylight Saving Time meet fundamentals of human physiology:<br>correlations in the 2018 Public Consultation by the European Commission"</p> <p> </p> <p>Data by 2018 Member State (28 rows)</p> <p>Variables in the dataset: 19.</p> <p> </p> <p>No headers in the main csv file.</p> <p>The meta csv contains variable descriptions. One row per one variable (column) in the main dataset. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Pedestrian single file movement on stairway: Investigating the impact of stair construct on pedestrian ascent and descent fundamental diagram
<p>Pedestrian single-file movement on stairs</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.