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88 results for “fungicide”
Supplementary material 2 from: Lu X, Mai M, Tan W, Zhang M, Xie J, Lu Y, Niu XL, Zhang W (2023) Identification and fungicide sensitivity of Microdochium chrysopogonis (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae), a new species causing tar spot of Chrysopogon zizanioides in southern China. MycoKeys 100: 205-232. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.100.112128
Phylogenetic tree inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined alignment of LSU sequences of 72 isolates of the Microdochium sp.
Supplementary material 1 from: Lu X, Mai M, Tan W, Zhang M, Xie J, Lu Y, Niu XL, Zhang W (2023) Identification and fungicide sensitivity of Microdochium chrysopogonis (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae), a new species causing tar spot of Chrysopogon zizanioides in southern China. MycoKeys 100: 205-232. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.100.112128
Phylogenetic tree inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined alignment of ITS sequences of 97 isolates of the Microdochium sp.
Supplementary material 3 from: Lu X, Mai M, Tan W, Zhang M, Xie J, Lu Y, Niu XL, Zhang W (2023) Identification and fungicide sensitivity of Microdochium chrysopogonis (Ascomycota, Amphisphaeriaceae), a new species causing tar spot of Chrysopogon zizanioides in southern China. MycoKeys 100: 205-232. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.100.112128
Phylogenetic tree inferred from a maximum likelihood analysis based on a combined alignment of rpb2 sequences of 71 isolates of the Microdochium sp.
Effects of the fungicide penconazole on the leaf litter associated aquatic mycobiome in artificial stream channel and flask experiments
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Improving dryland seedling recruitment using fungicide seed coatings
<p>The success of seed-based restoration in dryland regions of the world is often low or sporadic, with most mortality occurring between germination and emergence. Fungal pathogenesis is one process that may reduce seedling emergence and limit restoration success.</p> <p>Our objective was to determine whether fungicide seed coatings constitute an economically viable strategy for increasing emergence by reducing fungal pathogenesis and mortality.</p> <p>We performed an experiment across two sites and three years, using bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) as a model species. We found that fungicide coatings increased germination by 8.8% and emergence by 54.0% on average compared to the control. A cost analysis indicated that the fungicide coating was economically viable with an average estimated effective cost reduction of 18.8% under the study conditions.</p> <p>There was a strong interaction (P < 0.001) between the effects of the fungicide coating, site, and year on emergence. The fungicide coating increased emergence compared to the control in five of the six sites and years, with the effect ranging from a 33.7% decrease (P = 0.042) to a 150.9% increase (P = 0.004).</p> <p>The observed interaction was likely related to the effect of the hydrothermal microsite environment on disease severity. In the site and year that the fungicide coating performed worse than the control, prolonged periods of exceptionally low soil moisture may have reduced disease severity through a variety of individual and community scale mechanisms.</p> <p>Overall, these results indicate that fungicide seed coatings have the potential to improve dryland restoration efforts.</p>
Data from 36 fungicide trials on grape downy mildew across Europe 2012-2019
<p>The data set comprises records of disease incidence and yield from untreated and treated plots.</p> <p>The data is provided as both a tab-separated text file and a binary R data file. The R files provides code to read and plot the data. The plot produced is also provided as a PNG file.</p> <p>The field trials were conducted by BASF, Germany.</p> <p><em>Details</em><br> The PlantPart column refers to leaves (LEAF), inflorescences (RACEME) and grape clusters (FRUIT). The disease (GDM) was assessed by two methods (Method column), designated P%FREQ and P%INF:<br> • P%INF: Intensity of attack was obtained as a visual estimation of the percentage of each plant part (leaf, raceme or grape cluster) affected by disease.<br> • P%FREQ: Frequency of attack was obtained as the number of infected plant parts (leaf, raceme or grape cluster). The frequency was expressed as a percentage of the number sampled.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Fungicide suppression of flight performance in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and its amelioration by quercetin
As a managed agricultural pollinator, the western honey bee Apis mellifera frequently encounters agrochemicals as contaminants of nectar and pollen. One such contaminant, the fungicide boscalid, is applied at bloom in orchards for fungal floral pathogen control. As an inhibitor of complex II in the mitochondrial electron transport chain of fungi, boscalid can potentially interfere with high energy-demanding activities of bees, including flight. We designed an indoor flight treadmill to evaluate impacts of ingesting boscalid and/or quercetin, a ubiquitous phytochemical in bee food that also affects mitochondrial respiration. Boscalid reduced the wing-beat frequencies of foragers during flight but did not alter the duration of flight. At the colony level, boscalid ingestion may thereby affect overall health by reducing forager efficiency. Consumption of quercetin, by contrast, led to higher adenosine triphosphate levels in flight muscles and a higher wing-beat frequency. Consuming the two compounds together increased wing beat frequency, demonstrating a hitherto unrecognized mechanism by which dietary phytochemicals may act to ameliorate toxic effects of pesticides to promote honey bee health. In carrying out this work, we also introduce two methodological improvements for use in testing for pesticide effects on flight capacity—a "force-feeding" to standardize flight fuel supply and a novel indoor flight treadmill.
Plant diversity ameliorates the evolutionary development of fungicide resistance in an agricultural ecosystem
<p>1. Evolution of fungicide resistance in agricultural and natural ecosystems is associated with the biology of pathogens, the chemical property and a<span class="fontstyle01"><span>pplication strategies of the fungicides</span></span>. The influence of ecological factors such as host diversity on the evolution of fungicide resistance has been largely overlooked but is highly relevant to social and natural sustainability. In this study, we used an experimental evolution approach to understand how host population heterogeneity may affect the evolution of fungicide resistance in the associated pathogens.</p> <p>2. Potato populations with six levels of genetic heterogeneity were grown in the same field and naturally infected by <i>Phytophthora infestans.</i> Pathogen isolates (~1200) recovered from the field experiment were molecularly genotyped. Genetically distinct isolates were selected form each population and 142 isolates were assayed for their tolerance to two fungicides differing in the mode of action. Tolerance was determined by calculating the relative growth rate of the isolates in the presence and absence of fungicides and the effective concentration for 50% inhibition.</p> <p>3. The evolution of fungicide resistance in <i>P. infestans</i> was affected by the genetic variation of host populations. Higher potato diversification increased the sensitivity of <i>P. infestans</i> to both fungicides and reduced genetic variation of the pathogen available for the development of fungicide resistance. These mitigating effects are independent of biochemical properties of fungicides and are likely caused by host selection for pathogen strains differing in the ability of fungicide influxes, effluxes or detoxification rather than mutations in fungicide target genes.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and applications: Increased fungicide sensitivity and diminished evolutionary potential of fungicide resistance associated with higher host diversification reduce the fungicide dose and application frequency needed to achieve the same extent of disease control, relaxing the selection pressure acting on the pathogen populations and retarding the evolution of fungicide resistance. Together with benefits documented in other studies, our results indicate that host diversification is an eco-friendly approach that not only ameliorate fungicide resistance but also help achieve social and ecological sustainability by balancing the interaction among food security, socioeconomic development and ecological resilience.</p>
Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Pesticide exposure is considered a major driver of pollinator decline and the use of neonicotinoid insecticides has been restricted by regulatory authorities due to their risks for pollinators. Impacts of new alternative sulfoximine-based compounds on solitary bees and their potential interactive effects with other commonly applied pesticides in agriculture remain unclear. Here, we conducted a highly replicated full-factorial semi-field experiment with the solitary bee <em>Osmia bicornis</em>, an important pollinator of crops and wild plants in Europe, and <em>Phacelia tanacetifolia</em> as a model crop. We show that spray applications of the insecticide sulfoxaflor (product Closer) and the fungicide azoxystrobin (product Amistar), both alone and combined, had no significant negative impacts on adult female survival or the production, mortality, sex ratio and body size of offspring when sulfoxaflor was applied five days before crop flowering. Our results indicate that for <em>O. bicornis</em> (1) the risk of adverse impacts of sulfoxaflor (Closer) on fitness is small when applied at least five days before crop flowering and (2) that azoxystrobin (Amistar) has a low potential of exacerbating sulfoxaflor effects under field-realistic conditions.</span></p>
Improving dryland seedling recruitment using fungicide seed coatings
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Data from: No evidence for impaired solitary bee fitness following pre-flowering sulfoxaflor application alone or in combination with a common fungicide in a semi-field experiment
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Data from: Meta-analysis of yield response of foliar fungicide-treated hybrid corn in the United States and Ontario, Canada
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Data from: Development and validation of a weather-based warning system to advise fungicide applications to control dollar spot on turfgrass
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Data from: Fungal adaptation to contemporary fungicide applications: the case of Botrytis cinerea populations from Champagne vineyards (France)
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Data from: Fungicide suppression of flight performance in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and its amelioration by quercetin
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Data from: Soft selective sweeps in fungicide resistance evolution: recurrent mutations without fitness costs in grapevine downy mildew
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Plant diversity ameliorates the evolutionary development of fungicide resistance in an agricultural ecosystem
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Which enemies mediate distance- and density-dependent mortality of tree seeds and seedlings? A meta-analysis of fungicide, insecticide, and exclosure studies
<p>Conspecific negative distance- and density-dependence is believed to be one of the most important mechanisms controlling forest community assembly and species diversity globally. SoilPlant pathogens, and insect and mammalian herbivores, are the most common natural enemy types that have been implicated in this phenomenon, but their relative importancegeneral effects at different plant life stages isare still unclear. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of studies that involved robust manipulative experiments, using fungicides, insecticides, and exclosures, to assess the contributions of different natural enemy types to distance- and density-dependent effects at seed and seedling stages. We found that natural enemies cause stronger distance- and density-dependent mortality caused by natural enemies was most likely at the seedling stage than the seed stage. Fungicide treatments can change significantand was greater at higher mean annual temperatures. Seedling mortality was significantly weakened when fungi were removed. By contrast, negative distance- and density-dependent mortality to non-significance at the seedling stage. Negative conspecific distance- and density-dependence is not a general pattern at the seed stage. High seed mass reduced distance- and density-dependent mortality. Seed studies excluding only large mammals found significant negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality, but exclusion of all mammals resulted in a non-significant mortality.effect of conspecifics. Our study suggests that soilplant pathogens are a major cause of distance- and density-dependent mortality at the seedling stage, althoughwhile the impacts of herbivores on seedlings have been understudied. At the seed stage, large and small mammals respectively weaken and enhance negative conspecific distance-dependent mortality. Future research should identify specific agents of mortality, investigate the interactions among different enemy types, and assess how global change drivers may affect the dynamics of natural enemies and thus influence the strength of conspecific distance- and density-dependence.</p>
Data from: Slow and temperature-mediated pathogen adaptation to a non-specific fungicide in agricultural ecosystem
The spread of antimicrobial resistance and global change in air temperature represent two major phenomena that are exerting a disastrous impact on natural and social issues but investigation of the interaction between these phenomena in an evolutionary context is limited. In this study, a statistical genetic approach was used to investigate the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in agricultural ecosystem and its association with local air temperature. We found no resistance to mancozeb, a non-specific fungicide widely used in agriculture for more than half a century, in 215 Alternaria alternata isolates sampled from geographic locations along a climatic gradient and cropping system representing diverse ecotypes in China, consistent with low resistance risk in many non-specific fungicides. Genetic variance accounts for ~35% of phenotypic variation while genotype-environment interaction is negligible, suggesting that heritability plays a more important role in the evolution of resistance to mancozeb in plant pathogens than phenotypic plasticity. We also found that tolerance to mancozeb in agricultural ecosystem is under constraining selection and significantly associated with local air temperature, possibly resulting from a pleiotropic effect of tolerance with thermal and other ecological adaptations. The implication of these results for fungicide and other antimicrobial management in the context of global warming is discussed.
Data from: Combined exposure to sublethal concentrations of an insecticide and a fungicide affect feeding, ovary development and longevity in a solitary bee
Pollinators in agroecosystems are often exposed to pesticide mixtures. Even at low concentrations, the effects of these mixtures on bee populations are difficult to predict due to potential synergistic interactions. We orally exposed newly-emerged females of the solitary bee Osmia bicornis to environmentally-realistic levels of clothianidin (neonicotinoid insecticide) and propiconazole (fungicide), singly and in combination. The amount of feeding solution consumed was highest in bees exposed to the neonicotinoid, and lowest in bees exposed to the pesticide mixture. Ovary maturation and longevity of bees of the neonicotinoid and the fungicide treatments did not differ from those of control bees. In contrast, bees exposed to the pesticide mixture showed slow ovary maturation and decreased longevity. We found a synergistic interaction between the neonicotinoid and the fungicide on survival probability. We also found an interaction between treatment and emergence time (an indicator of physiological condition) on longevity. Longevity was negatively correlated to physiological condition only in the fungicide and the mixture treatments. Delayed ovary maturation and premature death imply a shortened nesting period (highly correlated to fecundity in Osmia). Our findings provide a mechanism to explain the observed dynamics of solitary bee populations exposed to multiple chemical residues in agricultural environments.
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