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208 results for “geographic patterns”
Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain
Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A. Synthetic geological map of the Guadalquivir Basin and surrounding areas. The black star shows the location of the Alcalá de Guadaíra outcrop, and the white star that of the Dos Hermanas locality. B. Synthetic geological map of Catalonia (NE Spain). The white star shows the location of the Vilomara outcrop in the Ebro Basin, and the black star that of the Waikiki Beach locality in the El Camp de Tarragona Basin. Inset map in between, displays the position of both areas in the Iberian Peninsula.
Text-fig. 6. Diagram showing the variation of the enamel pattern (index SDQ) vs Time slices in m1s of M. savini and Arvicola from different geographical provenances. in Independent Water Vole (Mimomys Savini, Arvicola: Rodentia, Mammalia) Lineages In Italy And Central Europe
Text-fig. 6. Diagram showing the variation of the enamel pattern (index SDQ) vs Time slices in m1s of M. savini and Arvicola from different geographical provenances.
Geographic patterns in morphometric and genetic variation for coyote populations with emphasis on southeastern coyotes
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Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
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Data from: Biodiversity patterns diverge along geographic temperature gradients
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Data from: Functional and phylogenetic dimensions of tree biodiversity reveal unique geographic patterns
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Broad-scale patterns of geographic avoidance between species emerge in the absence of fine-scale mechanisms of coexistence
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Geographical variation in the trait-based assembly patterns of multitrophic invertebrate communities
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Data from: Geographic patterns in colonial reproductive strategy in Myrmecina nipponica: links between biogeography and a key polymorphism in ants
<p>The ability to express different phenotypes can help define species distributions by allowing access to, and exploitation of, new environments. Social insects employ two markedly different reproductive strategies with contrasting cost/benefit characteristics: independent colony foundation (ICF), which is associated with high dispersal range and high risk, and dependent colony foundation (DCF), characterized by low risk but low dispersal. The ant <i>Myrmecina nipponica</i> employs both of these strategies, with the frequency of each apparently varying between populations. We combine molecular data with data on reproductive strategy from different populations of this species throughout Japan to explore how this polymorphism is linked to environmental factors and if this relationship can help explain the current and historical biogeography of this species. Reproductive strategy exhibited a strong geographic pattern, with ICF predominant in southern populations and DCF more common in northern and southern highland populations. Molecular analyses clearly divided populations into broad geographic regions, with the southern-lowland populations basal to (southern-highland (+ northern)) populations. Intra-population polymorphism in colony founding strategy was widespread, and polymorphism was reconstructed as the likely ancestral state. The frequency of different strategies was linked with climate, with DCF more common in colder areas. A recent inferred origin to the northern lineage suggests that colonization of northern Japan was a rapid event coincident with warming at the end of the last glacial maxima, likely facilitated by the cold-adaptive advantages of DCF. We discuss how such polymorphisms could help explain the biogeography of this and other social insects.</p>
Data from: Global geographic patterns in the colours and sizes of animal‐dispersed fruits
Aim. Fruit colours attract animal seed dispersers, yet the causes of fruit colour diversity remain controversial. The lack of knowledge of large-scale spatial patterns in fruit colours has limited our ability to formulate and test alternative hypotheses to explain fruit colour, fruit size, and fruit colour diversity. We describe spatial (especially latitudinal) variation in fruit colour, colour diversity, and length, and test for correlations between fruit colour, length, and plant habit. Location. Global. Time period. Present-day. Major taxa studied. Seed plants. Methods. We assembled a database of fruit traits for 13,178 fleshy-fruited plant species spanning 136 sites around the world. To assess whether fruit colour categories correspond with spectral reflectances, we tested for clustering of hue, chroma, and saturation for 236 species for which we had reflectance data. We then quantified latitudinal gradients in fruit colour, fruit length, and fruit colour diversity while controlling for the effects of plant habit, and whether colour categories varied with respect to average fruit size. Results. Colour categories corresponded well with reflectance data. The tropics show high colour diversity, while red fruits progressively constitute a higher proportion of the fleshy-fruited plant community towards high latitudes. All mammal-associated colours (green, orange, brown, and yellow) are more common in the tropics than at high latitudes. Fruit length also increases towards the tropics. Main conclusions. Tropical communities tend to have diverse fruit colours, including many mammal-associated fruit colours, while high latitude communities contain a higher percentage of red-fruited species. The correlation between colour and size is strong, and some latitudinal patterns may be partly driven by changes in fruit size. Differences in geography and in the history of plant lineages in the southern versus the northern hemisphere may help to explain some biogeographic patterns, but alternative hypotheses related to fruit defence, development, and metabolic costs are plausible.
Data from: Geographic patterns of song variation in four species of Malurus fairy-wrens
Geographic variation in song is widespread among birds, particularly in species that learn vocalizations. The relationship between geographic distance and song variation is likely related to the degree of isolation between populations. To assess this effect of geographic isolation on song divergence, we examined patterns of geographic song variation in four species of Australian fairy-wrens (Malurus), two with suspected histories of geographic isolation and two without. Song variation in all four species was consistent with patterns of isolation by distance, and allopatric subspecies in two species were more divergent in song than predicted by distance alone. Each species' pattern was unique, and some interspecific variation could not be explained by geographic distance. These results indicate that patterns of geographic variation can be influenced by more than geographic distance and historical isolation alone. We suggest that morphological constraints, environmental influences, and sexual selection may all contribute to the variation observed for each species.
Data from: Patterns of divergence across the geographic and genomic landscape of a butterfly hybrid zone associated with a climatic gradient
Hybrid zones are a valuable tool for studying the process of speciation and for identifying the genomic regions undergoing divergence and the ecological (extrinsic) and non-ecological (intrinsic) factors involved. Here, we explored the genomic and geographic landscape of divergence in a hybrid zone between Papilio glaucus and Papilio canadensis. Using a genome scan of 28,417 ddRAD SNPs, we identified genomic regions under possible selection and examined their distribution in the context of previously identified candidate genes for ecological adaptations. We showed that differentiation was genome-wide, including multiple candidate genes for ecological adaptations, particularly those involved in seasonal adaptation and host plant detoxification. The Z-chromosome and four autosomes showed a disproportionate amount of differentiation, suggesting genes on these chromosomes play a potential role in reproductive isolation. Cline analyses of significantly differentiated genomic SNPs, and of species diagnostic genetic markers, showed a high degree of geographic coincidence (81%) and concordance (80%) and were associated with the geographic distribution of a climate-mediated developmental threshold (length of the growing season). A relatively large proportion (1.3%) of the outliers for divergent selection were not associated with candidate genes for ecological adaptations and may reflect the presence of previously unrecognized intrinsic barriers between these species. These results suggest that exogenous (climate-mediated) and endogenous (unknown) clines may have become coupled and act together to reinforce reproductive isolation. This approach of assessing divergence across both the genomic and geographic landscape can provide insight about the interplay between the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation and endogenous and exogenous selection.
Data from: Seasonality determines patterns of growth and age structure over a geographic gradient in an ectothermic vertebrate
<p>Environmental variation connected with sea- sonality is likely to affect the evolution of life-history strategies in ectotherms, but there is no consensus as to how important life-history traits like body size are influ- enced by environmental variation along seasonal gradients. We compared adult body size, skeletal growth, mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity among 11 common frog (<em>Rana temporaria</em>) populations sampled along a 1,600-km-long latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity increased linearly with decreasing growth season length. Lifetime activity (i.e. the estimated number of active days during life-time) was highest at mid-latitudes and females had on average more active days throughout their lives than males. Variation in body size was due to differences in lifetime activity among populations—individuals (especially females) were largest where they had the longest cumula- tive activity period—as well as to differences between populations in skeletal growth rate as determined by skel- etochronological analyses. Especially, males grew faster at intermediate latitudes. While life-history trait variation was strongly associated with latitude, the direction and shape of these relationships were sex- and trait-specific. These context-dependent relationships may be the result of life- history trade-offs enforced by differences in future reproductive opportunities and time constraints among the populations. Thus, seasonality appears to be an important environmental factor shaping life-history trait variation in common frogs.</p>
Data from: Coyote diet in North America: geographic and ecological patterns during range expansion
<p>This dataset was used to review and analyze coyote diets across North America in "Coyote diets in North America: geographic and ecological patterns during range expansion" by Jensen et al. in Mammal Review. We only include data from studies that reported data as percent frequency of occurrence and from multiple seasons. We ultimately used 93 of the included studies (294 seasonal records) in our analyses.</p>
Figure 4 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 4. The fit of the count part of the "hurdle" model to the relationship between galling species richness and plant genus species richness.
Figure 2 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 2. Boxplots with jittered illustrating the galling species richness between year season, with jitered raw values strung vertical corresponding to plots (a, b, c), numbers the plots (N) and sites (n), and mean ± SD bars.
Figure 3 in Geographic distribution patterns of galling insects in a protected area of Atlantic forest (southeast, Brazil)
Figure 3. The fit of the count part of the ZIP model to the relationship between galling species richness and plant family species richness.
Liolophura species discrimination with geographical distribution patterns and their divergence and expansion history on the northwestern Pacific coast
<p>Please refer to Choi et al. (2021): "Choi, E.H., Yeo, M.Y., Kim, G. <i>et al.</i> <i>Liolophura</i> species discrimination with geographical distribution patterns and their divergence and expansion history on the northwestern Pacific coast. <i>Sci Rep</i> <b>11, </b>17602 (2021).</p> <p>The chiton <em>Liolophura japonica</em> (Lischke, 1873) is widely distributed in intertidal coastal areas of the northwestern Pacific. Here we show species discrimination of <em>L. japonica</em> into two species and one subspecies based on <em>COI</em> and <em>16S rRNA</em>;<em> L. koreana</em>, sp. nov. was mainly distributed at ca. 33°24'–38°32' N, <em>L. japonica</em> at ca. 33°24'–35°53' N, and <em>L. j. sinensis</em>, ssp. nov. at ca. 27°02'–28°00' N. These species were morphologically distinguishable by black spots on the tegmentum and the shape of spicules on the perinotum. In addition, we have discussed their molecular divergence times (3.37 mya for<em> L. koreana </em>and<em> L. japonica</em>, around the mid Pliocene warm period; 1.84 mya for <em>L. japonica </em>and <em>L. j. sinensis</em>), demographic expansion events following the last interglacial age, called the Eemian (129–116 kya), and augmentation of <em>COI</em> haplotype diversity during the late-middle to late Pleistocene. Their latitudinal geographical distribution gradients may be helpful for monitoring the migration of marine 38 invertebrates north, fostered by global warming in the northwestern Pacific.</p>
Dataset 2 for Large‐ and small‐scale geographic structures affecting genetic patterns across populations of an Alpine butterfly
<p>Understanding factors influencing patterns of genetic diversity and the population genetic structure of species is of particular importance in the current era of global climate change and habitat loss. These factors include the evolutionary history of a species as well as heterogeneity in the environment it occupies, which in turn can change across time. Most studies investigating spatio-temporal genetic patterns have focused on patterns across wide geographical areas rather than local variation, but the latter can nevertheless be important particularly in topographically complex areas. Here we consider these issues in the Sooty Copper butterfly (<i>Lycaena tityrus</i>) from the European Alps, using genome-wide SNPs identified through RADseq. We found strong genetic differentiation within the Alps with four genetic clusters, indicating western, central, and eastern refuges, and a strong reduction of genetic diversity from west to east. This reduction in diversity may suggest that the southwestern refuge was the largest one in comparison to other refuges. Also, the high genetic diversity in the West may result from (1) admixture of different western refuges, (2) more recent demographic changes, or (3) introgression of lowland <i>L. tityrus</i> populations. At small spatial scales, populations were structured by several landscape features and especially by high mountain ridges and large river valleys. We detected 36 outlier loci likely under altitudinal selection, including several loci related to membranes and cellular processes. We suggest that efforts to preserve alpine <i>L. tityrus </i>should focus on the genetically diverse populations in the western Alps, and that the dolomite populations should be treated as genetically distinct management units, since they appear to be currently more threatened than others. This study demonstrates the usefulness of SNP-based approaches for understanding patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow and selection in a region that is expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change.</p>
Data from: Indices of Extremes: Geographic patterns of change in extreme temperature and precipitation under climate intervention
<p>This dataset comprises the python notebooks and associated data used to produce Figures 1-9, 12-14, and all supplemental figures in Tye et al. 2022 "Indices of Extremes: Geographic patterns of change in extremes and associated vegetation impacts under climate intervention" Earth System Dynamic, 13, 1233-1257. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1233-2022</p> <p>Script is also included to process data from NCAR's HPC Campaign archive and produce figures 10 and 11.</p> <p>The full output from the GLENS simulation are available from from https://data.ucar.edu/dataset/stratospheric-aerosol-geoengineering-large-ensemble-project-glens</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.