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2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Grass Recovery Study (2003-2018)
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife's plan to apply a prescribed burn to a large portion of McKenzie Flats was deemed an opportunity to study the effects of fire on the vegetation at the boundary between shrubland and grassland. This study actually was undertaken on an area that had prescribed fire applied to 8 of 16 (300 m x 300 m) plots 10 years before in 1993. This previous study had also examined the effects of fencing to exclude the indigenous prong-horn antelope. In the 2003 study the prescribed fire was applied to the northeastern half of the 16 plots while the southwestern plots were intentionally protected. Sampling prior to the prescribed burn included quantification of fuel load (ie. the standing biomass of all grasses and forbs in the area to be burned). These measurements were made using Daubenmire quadrat frames that are 5 cm x 20 cm and delineate a 0.1 square meter area. Four samples were taken adjacent to the six 3 m x 4 m quadrats in each of the eight plots that were to be burned. Quadrat frames were laid down over the vegetation and all vegetation rooted within the frame was clipped at ground level. This material was bagged, oven-dried and weighed. Following the prescribed burn, re-measurements were made every fall of from 2004 until 2012 when vegetation had reached its annual peak biomass. Data were not collected from 2014-2017, but were collected again in 2018.
2003 Prescribed Burn Effect on Chihuahuan Desert Grasses and Shrubs at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico: Species Composition Study (2004-2018)
Disturbance from fire can affect the abundance and distribution of shrubs and grasses in arid ecosystems. In particular, fire may increase grass and forb production while hindering shrub encroachment. Therefore, prescribed fires are a common management tool for maintaining grassland habitats in the southwest. However, Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), a dominant species in Chihuahuan Desert grassland, is highly susceptible to fire resulting in death followed by slow recovery rates. A prescribed fire on the Sevilleta National Wildlife refuge in central New Mexico in 2003 provided the opportunity to study the effects of infrequent fires on vegetation in this region. This study was conducted along a transition zone where creosote bushes (Larrea tridentata) are encroaching on a black grama grassland. Before and after the fire, above ground plant productivity and composition were monitored from 2003 to present. Following the prescribed fire, there were fewer individual grass clumps and less above ground grass cover in burned areas compared to unburned areas. This decrease in productivity was primarily from a loss of B. eriopoda. Specifically, B. eriopoda density and cover were significantly lower following the fire with a slow recovery rate in the five years following the fire. Other grasses showed no such adverse response to burning. Data were collected from 2004-2013 and 2018. Data were not collected for 2014-2017.
Effect of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization on Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with a Dominant Grass in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005)
We studied the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a semiarid grassland and the effect of long-term nitrogen (N) fertilization on this fungal community. Root samples of Bouteloua gracilis were collected at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (New Mexico, USA) from control and N-amended plots that have been fertilized since 1995. Small subunit rDNA was amplified using AMF specific primers NS31 and AM1. The diversity of AMF was low in comparison with other ecosystems, only seven operational taxonomic units (OTU) were found in B. gracilis and all belong to the genus Glomus. The dominant OTU was closely related to the ubiquitous G. intraradices/G. fasciculatum group. N-amended plots showed a reduction in the abundance of the dominant OTU and an increase in AMF diversity. The greater AMF diversity in roots from N-amended plots may have been the result of displacement of the dominant OTU, which facilitated detection of uncommon AMF. The long-term implications of AMF responses to N enrichment for plant carbon allocation and plant community structure remain unclear.
Effects of Kangaroo Rat Mounds on Seed Banks of Grass and Shrublands at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2001)
Disturbance is a major factor in determining the spatial structure and temporal dynamics of ecological systems. Many studies have been conducted concerning the plant assemblages around Dipodmys spectabilis mounds compared to the off mound area. These studies have shown that annual plant cover is higher on the kangaroo rat mound compared to off the mound. However, no studies have addressed the effects of these rodents disturbance on the soil seed bank. Soil seed banks are an important component of the plant community particularly in arid environments. Annual plants have been known to create viable seeds that remain dormant in the soil for many years making their seed bank a persistent one. A persistent seed bank allows for future recruitment of plants given favorable conditions that could have a dramatic impact on the overall species diversity of the community. We studied the seed bank of eight forb taxa to ask the following questions: 1) Are there more seeds in the seed bank around kangaroo rat mounds compared to other microhabitats? 2) Does the seed composition differ among the different microhabitats? 3) If the seed composition does differ, do specific physical components of microhabitats predict seed populations?
Visualization of Marsh Grass Roots and Rhizomes by CT imaging: VCR salt marshes, summer 2012
Computer-aided tomography and image processing previously has been used to accurately and rapidly quantify coarse root mass in coastal wetlands (Davey et al. 2011. Ecological Applications). The data in this data base are being used to develop the technique to allow for resolution of fine roots. The contribution of Spartina alterniflora roots-and-rhizomes (hereafter, roots) to soil volume is measured in VCR mainland marsh soils. Soil cores were collected several different marshes with differing soil types (mineral vs peaty). The cores were scanned by computer-aided tomography and image processing was used to determine the volume of living roots. Our results show that CT imaging may also be used to quantify coarse and fine root volume in salt marsh soils and that in peaty soils, coarse roots make an important contribution to soil volume (up to 53% of the soil volume is live roots). The dataset includes an extensive manual of methods, along with instructional videos.
Figures 2 in The species of Astymachus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)ı potentially important parasitoids of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with grasses (Poaceae)ı with descriptions of three new species
Figures 2. Astymachus saccharum sp. nov.: (a) head (holotype); (b) antenna ♀ (holotype); (c) apex of fore wing venation (paratype); (d) fore wing (paratype). Astymachus felix Singh and Hayat: (e) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus phainae Sugonjaev: (f) fore wing; (g) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus lasallei sp. nov. (holotype) (h) antenna ♀; (i) head; (j) fore wing; (k) discal setae below marginal vein, enlarged (differential interference contrast); (l) apex of fore wing venation. Asymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (m) head; (n) antenna ♀. (Figures e-g courtesy of Mohammad Hayat).
Figures 3 in The species of Astymachus Howard (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)ı potentially important parasitoids of Aclerdidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with grasses (Poaceae)ı with descriptions of three new species
Figures 3. Astymachus phragmitis Trjapitzin: (a) antenna ♂; (b) fore wing; (c) apex of fore wing venation. Astymachus japonicus Howard: (d) head; (e) antenna ♀; (f) antenna ♂; (g) apex of fore wing venation; (h) fore wing. Astymachus srilankae sp. nov. (holotype): (i) head; (j) antenna ♀; (k) antenna ♂; (l) fore wing; (m) apex of fore wing venation.
Figs 17–27. 17–22 in A new species of Cofana associated with grasses from India (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)
Figs 17–27. 17–22 – Cofana trilobata sp. nov., female. 17 – habitus; 18 – face; 19 – pronotum and scutellum; 20 – seventh sternite, ventral view; 21–22 – second gonapophysis, lateral view. 23–27 – Cofana lineata (Distant, 1908). 23 – habitus, female; 24 – habitus, male; 25 – face, male; 26 – pronotum and scutellum, male; 27 – aedeagus, lateral view; 28 – seventh sternite, female, ventral view.
Figs 1–7 in A new species of Cofana associated with grasses from India (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)
Figs 1–7. Cofana trilobata sp. nov., male. 1 – aedeagus, lateral view; 2 – aedeagus, caudal view; 3 – pygofer, lateral view; 4 – subgenital plate, ventral view; 5 – style; 6 – connective; 7– male abdominal apodemes.
Figs 8–16 in A new species of Cofana associated with grasses from India (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae)
Figs 8–16. Cofana trilobata sp. nov., male. 8 – habitus, dorsal view; 9 – face; 10 – pronotum and scutellum; 11 – style; 12 – subgenital plate, ventral view; 13 – aedeagus, caudal view; 14 – aedeagus, lateral view; 15 – pygofer, lateral view; 16 – connective, dorsal view.
Fig. 1. A in The first record of the Far Eastern grass-carrying wasp Isodontia nigella (F. Smith, 1856) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Sphecinae) from the Crimea
Fig. 1. A sheaf of reed canes with closing plugs of grass made by Isodontia nigella (F. Smith, 1856).
Fig. 9 in The first record of the Far Eastern grass-carrying wasp Isodontia nigella (F. Smith, 1856) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Sphecinae) from the Crimea
Fig. 9. Dynamics of emergence of Isodontia nigella (F. Smith, 1856) imagines from the cocoons in 2022.
GRASS GIS database for CASAS-PBDM (www.casasglobal.org) geospatial mapping and analysis
<p>GRASS GIS database for geospatial mapping and analysis of physiologically based demographic modeling (PBDM) implemented by the Center for the Analysis of Sustainable Agricultural Systems (CASAS, <a href="https://www.casasglobal.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.casasglobal.org</a>).</p> <p>The <code>casas_gis_grass8data.zip</code> archive includes data updated for use with GRASS GIS version 8.</p>
Pollen morphometric data and phytolith counts and frequencies of native grasses of the Falkland Islands
<p><strong>Groff et al. phytolith count freq.csv</strong> is a dataset of the raw counts and cumulative frequencies of phytolith shape/texture classifications for nine native grass species from the Falkland Islands. Grass species include <strong>xyz. </strong>and 42 phytoliths were classified by counting at least 300 phytoliths. </p> <p><strong>Groff et al. pollen morphometrics.csv</strong> is a dataset of the raw measurements of pollen grains from eight native grass species from the Falkland Islands. Measurements (in µm) include the polar axis, equatorial axis, annulus diameter, pore diameter (col B), annulus diameter (col C), polar axis (col D), equatorial axis (col E), and the respective transformed data (cols F-I) and the six possible ratios of measurements (cols J-O).</p>
Fig. 1. N in Obtaining Oviparous Grass Snake, Natrix Natrix (Serpentes, Colubridae), Embryos At Early Developmental Stages By Caesarean Section
Fig. 1. N. natrix embryos at developmental stages A. 20. B. 22. C. 24. D. 25. E. 26. F. 27: av —auditory vesicle; cl —crystalline
Data and code from: Invasive grass indirectly alters seasonal patterns in seed predation
<p>Invasive species threaten ecosystems globally, but their impacts can be cryptic when they occur indirectly. Invader phenology can also differ from that of native species, potentially causing seasonality in invader impacts. Yet, it is unclear if invader phenology can drive seasonal patterns in indirect effects. We used a field experiment to test if an invasive grass (<em>Imperata cylindrica</em>) caused seasonal indirect effects by altering rodent foraging and seed predation patterns through time. Using seeds from native longleaf pine (<em>Pinus palustris</em>), we found seed predation was 25% greater, on average, in invaded than control plots, but this effect varied by season. Seed predation was 24% - 157% greater in invaded plots during spring and fall months, but invasion had no effect on seed predation in other months. One of the largest effects occurred in October when longleaf pine seeds are dispersed, suggesting potential effects on tree regeneration. Thus, seasonal patterns in indirect effects from invaders may cause underappreciated impacts on ecological communities.</p>
Potential local adaptation in populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) across an urbanization gradient
<p>Urban stressors represent strong selective gradients that can elicit evolutionary change, especially in non-native species that may harbor substantial within-population variability. To test whether urban stressors drive phenotypic differentiation and influence local adaptation, we compared stress responses of populations of a ubiquitous invader, reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Specifically, we quantified responses to salt, copper, and zinc additions by reed canary grass collected from four populations spanning an urbanization gradient (natural, rural, moderate urban and intense urban). We measured ten phenotypic traits and trait plasticities, because reed canary grass is known to be highly plastic and because plasticity may enhance invasion success. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) source populations vary systematically in their stress response, with the intense urban population least sensitive and the natural population most sensitive, and 2) plastic responses are adaptive under stressful conditions. We found clear trait variation among populations, with the greatest divergence in traits and trait plasticities between the natural and intense urban populations. The intense urban population showed stress tolerator characteristics for resource acquisition traits including leaf dry matter content and specific root length. Trait plasticity varied among populations for over half the traits measured, highlighting that plasticity differences were as common as trait differences. Plasticity in root mass ratio and specific root length were adaptive in some contexts, suggesting that natural selection by anthropogenic stressors may have contributed to root trait differences. Reed canary grass populations in highly urbanized wetlands may therefore be evolving enhanced tolerance to urban stressors, suggesting a mechanism by which invasive species may proliferate across urban wetland systems generally.</p>
Text-fig. 4. Charred grass from diatomite of Saint-Bauzile. a: Overview of diatomite slab with one larger specimen of charred grass (left) and several smaller, lath-shaped charcoal fragments; SM.B 22260; scale bar = 1 cm. b: Detail of vein exhibited on split grass blade, with stomata oriented parallel to vein. c: Stomata oriented in rows and bands parallel to veins exposed on split grass blade. d: Surface of grass leaf with rectangular, elongated cells with strongly undulating margins in an intercostal area. in Evidence For Wildfires During Deposition Of The Late Miocene Diatomites Of The Konservat-Lagerstätte Lake Saint-Bauzile (Ardèche, France) - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 4. Charred grass from diatomite of Saint-Bauzile. a: Overview of diatomite slab with one larger specimen of charred grass (left) and several smaller, lath-shaped charcoal fragments; SM.B 22260; scale bar = 1 cm. b: Detail of vein exhibited on split grass blade, with stomata oriented parallel to vein. c: Stomata oriented in rows and bands parallel to veins exposed on split grass blade. d: Surface of grass leaf with rectangular, elongated cells with strongly undulating margins in an intercostal area.
Opposing life history strategies allow grass shrimp parasites to avoid a conflict of interest
<p>A conflict of interest occurs when parasites manipulate the behavior of their host in contradictory ways to achieve different goals. In grass shrimp (<em>Palaemonetes pugio</em>), trematode parasites that use shrimp as an intermediate host cause the shrimp to be more active than usual around predators, whereas bopyrid isopod parasites that use shrimp as a final host elicit the opposite response. Since these parasites are altering the host's behavior in opposing directions, a conflict of interest would occur in co-infected shrimp. Natural selection should favor attempts to resolve this conflict through avoidance, killing, or sabotage. In a field survey of shrimp populations in four tidal creeks in the Cape Fear River, we found a significant negative association between the two parasites. Parasite abundance was negatively correlated in differently sized hosts, suggesting avoidance as a mechanism. Subsequent mortality experiments showed no evidence of early death of co-infected hosts. In behavior trials, co-infected shrimp did not show significantly different behavior from singly infected or uninfected shrimp, suggesting that neither parasite sabotages the manipulation of the other. Taken together, our results suggest that rather than sabotaging or killing one another, bopyrid and trematode parasites tend to infect differently sized hosts, thus avoiding a conflict and confirming the importance of testing assumptions in natural contexts.</p>
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty. in Fowler's Toad (Anaxyrus fowleri) occupancy in the southern mid-Atlantic, USA
The Provincelands of Cape Cod National Seashore, Barnstable County, Massachusetts, USA. The reddish vegetation in the center of the photo is a cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) bog, a wetland used for breeding by the Fowler's toad. The surrounding landscape is ideal for the Fowler's toad and supports one of the largest populations of this species in the United States. The landscape contains a patchwork of sand, pitch pine (Pinus rigida), scrub oak (Quercus ilicifolia), and dune grass (Ammophila breviligulata). Photo by Rebecca Flaherty.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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