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90 results for “haemosporidians”
Energy input, habitat heterogeneity, and host specificity drive avian haemosporidian diversity at continental scales
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Contrasting effects of host or local specialization: widespread haemosporidians are host generalist whereas local specialists are locally abundant
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Network specificity decreases community stability and competition among avian haemosporidian parasites and their hosts
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Data from: On the specificity of avian blood parasites: revealing specific and generalist relationships between haemosporidians and biting midges
The study of host-parasite relationships involving vector-borne parasites requires understanding interactions between parasites and vectors. The capacity of haemosporidians to infect insects has clear evolutionary consequences for the transmission of diseases. Here we investigated (1) the associations between blood parasites, biting midges and birds and (2) the potential specificity between biting midge and haemosporidian haplotypes. A total of 629 parous biting midges Culicoides and 224 wild birds (belonging to seven species) from a locality of central Spain were examined individually to detect the presence of Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites by sequencing a fragment of the cytochrome B gene. Biting midges were identified morphologically and characterised on the basis of a fragment of the cytocrome c oxidase (COI) gene. Overall 12 Haemoproteus and 3 Plasmodium haplotypes were isolated and sequenced. Among them, 10 haplotypes were exclusively isolated from biting midges, three haplotypes only from birds and two haplotypes from both biting midges and birds. Biting midge haplotypes showed both specific and generalist relationships with Haemoproteus haplotypes but only generalist relationships with Plasmodium haplotypes. Several C. festivipennis and C. kibunesis haplotypes established significant coevolutionary links with Haemoproteus haplotypes. These results help to understand the specificity of vector-blood parasite interactions.
Fig. 2 in Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at the SANBI zoological garden
Fig. 2. The single UV-light trap used to collect mosquito samples.
Fig. 2 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 2. Species composition of birds captured in 745–800 m sampling area
Fig. 3 in Prevalence of avian haemosporidians among understorey birds of Mt. Banahaw de Lucban, Philippines.
Fig. 3. Species composition of birds captured in 1500–1600 m sampling area
Influence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp. over reproductive output in a wild Neotropical passerine, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda
<p>Life-history theory predicts that hosts may adjust the costs of parasites by altering their reproductive effort. Haemosporidian parasites can affect the reproductive output of wild birds in multiple ways.<b> </b>Thorn-tailed Rayaditos <i>Aphrastura spinicauda</i> breeding in Navarino Island, Southern Chile (55°-40° S) experience high prevalence of the haemosporidian <i>Leucocytozoon </i>spp., which opens the possibility of exploring how these parasites may affect reproductive output in a Neotropical bird species. We compared several variables describing reproductive output (laying date, clutch size, incubation period, brood size, nestling body condition and early-life telomere length) of infected and non-infected parents (individually and as breeding pairs). We found that infected-females and breeding pairs with both parents infected showed significantly shorter incubation periods than un-infected Thorn-tailed Rayaditos. Furthermore, breeding pairs with both parents infected raised nestlings with higher body condition than nestlings for which infection was present in only one or in none of the parents. Our results suggest that the higher the parental investment, the higher the risk of relapse of chronic infection by <i>Leucocytozoon </i>spp<i>. </i>Thorn-tailed Rayaditos that decrease their incubation period pay the cost of infection to take advantage of early breeding through a greater more availability of resources, producing nestlings with higher body condition.</p>
Host phylogeny and elevation predict infection by avian haemosporidians in a diverse New Guinean bird community (R script for analyses, figures, and supplemental figures )
<p>This script performs the glmm analysis of the elevation and infection prevalence data as well as the script required to generate the figures in the article.</p>
Revealing the drivers of parasite community assembly: using avian haemosporidians to model global dynamics of parasite species turnover
<p>Why do some regions share more or fewer species than others? Community assembly relies on the ability of individuals to disperse, colonize, and thrive in new regions. Therefore, many distinct factors, such as geographic distance and environmental features, can determine the odds of a species colonizing a new environment. For parasites, host community composition (i.e., resources) also plays a key role in their ability to colonize a new environment as they rely on their hosts to complete their life cycle. Thus, variation in host community composition and environmental conditions should determine parasite turnover among regions. Here, we explored the global drivers of parasite turnover using avian malaria and malaria-like (haemosporidian) parasites. We compiled global databases on avian haemosporidian lineages distributions, environmental conditions, avian species distributions and functional traits and ran generalized dissimilarity models to uncover the main drivers of parasite turnover. We demonstrated that haemosporidian parasite turnover is mainly driven by geographic distance followed by host functional traits, environmental conditions, and host distributions. The main host functional traits associated with high parasite turnover were the predominance of resident (i.e., non-migratory) species and strong territoriality while the most important climatic drivers of haemosporidian turnover were mean temperature and temperature seasonality. Overall, we establish the importance of geographic distance as a key predictor of ecological dissimilarity and show that host resources influence parasite turnover more strongly than environmental conditions. We also evidenced that parasite turnover is most pronounced among tropical and less interconnected regions (i.e., regions with mostly territorial and non-migratory hosts). Our findings provide a robust foundation for the prediction of avian pathogen spread and the emergence of infectious diseases.</p>
Nowhere to escape: The cross-age avian haemosporidian exposure of migrants in Northeast China
<p>Pathogen infection has been progressively recognized as a potential driver of animal migration, and the infection pattern in a certain host may be related to its migration status. Nestling viability can be a crucial life stage in the evolution of the migration cycle but has been irregularly studied to date. In this study, we tested the 'migratory exposure' hypothesis by comparing the prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in the breeding area between two dominant species including adults and nestlings: yellow-rumped flycatcher (<em>Ficedula zanthopygia</em>), which is a summer migratory species, and Japanese tit (<em>Parus minor</em>), which is a local resident species. The yellow-rumped flycatcher harboured more diverse parasite lineages than the Japanese tit, which is in line with the expectation of the 'migratory exposure' hypothesis, while nestlings present a similar but more applicable pattern. Among the 40 unique identified parasite lineages, only one was shared between host species and three between age classes. Nestlings suffered a high parasite diversity with plenty of age-specific lineages in the breeding area, mainly Leucocytozoon, which may suggest an extraordinary selection pressure in the life-stages not just for adults during migration. However, the most common lineages in adults were not detected in nestlings, and the prevalence of infection is significantly lower in nestlings than in adults. Our results suggest that migratory birds may have suffered from more frequent parasite infections during migration, but escaped from more virulent lineages at the same time. The difference in susceptibility and parasite assembly between adults and nestlings in migrants may result from an intricate interaction along the evolution of life history. Our investigations have revealed the significance of avian haemosporidian parasite infection patterns in nestlings in breeding areas, and provide a novel insight into the driving forces of migration.</p>
Data from: Sedentary songbirds maintain higher prevalence of haemosporidian parasite infections than migratory conspecifics during seasonal sympatry
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Data from: Genomic sequence capture of haemosporidian parasites: methods and prospects for enhanced study of host-parasite evolution
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Data from: On the specificity of avian blood parasites: revealing specific and generalist relationships between haemosporidians and biting midges
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Nowhere to escape: The cross-age avian haemosporidian exposure of migrants in Northeast China
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Between- and within-population drivers of haemosporidian prevalence and diversity in American robins (Turdus migratorius)
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Data from: Haemosporidian infection risk across an urban gradient in a songbird
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Influence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp. over reproductive output in a wild Neotropical passerine, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda
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Revealing the drivers of parasite community assembly: using avian haemosporidians to model global dynamics of parasite species turnover
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Artificial light at night amplifies seasonal relapse of haemosporidian parasites in a widespread songbird
<p>Urban habitats can shape interactions between hosts and parasites by altering within-host processes such as resistance. Artificial light at night is common in urban environments, and chronic exposure can impair host immunity in ways that may increase infection. However, studies of causal links between this stressor, immunity, and infection dynamics are rare, particularly in migratory animals. Here, we experimentally tested how artificial light at night affects cellular immunity and intensity of infection with haemosporidian parasites across the annual cycle of migrant and resident subspecies of the dark-eyed junco (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>). We exposed an experimental group to light at night and compared them to control birds under nighttime darkness. Both groups were monitored as they passed through short days simulating early spring to longer days simulating the breeding season, followed by fall migration. Using generalized additive models, we show that artificial light at night increased inflammation, and leukocyte counts were greatest in early spring and fall. At the beginning of the experiment, few birds had active infections based on microscopy, but nested PCR revealed that many birds had chronic infections. Artificial light at night increased parasitemia across the annual cycle, with pronounced peaks in spring and fall that were largely absent in control birds. Because all birds were kept in indoor aviaries to prevent vector exposure, these pulses in parasite intensity indicate relapse of chronic infection during costly life history stages (i.e., reproduction, migration). Although the immunological and parasitological time series were in phase for control birds, cross-correlation analyses revealed that artificial light at night desynchronized leukocyte profiles and haemosporidian intensity, which could suggest immune dysregulation. Our study shows how a common anthropogenic influence can shape within-host processes to affect infection dynamics.</p>
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