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382 results for “high elevation”
Study of Efficacy and Safety of Inclisiran in Japanese Participants With High Cardiovascular Risk and Elevated LDL-C
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04666298. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
High-performing plastic clones best explain the spread of yellow monkeyflower from lowland to higher elevation areas in New Zealand
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Reforestation of high elevation pines: Direct seeding success depends on seed source and sowing environment
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Data from: Trechus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of Appalachia: A phylogenetic insight into the history of high elevation leaf litter communities
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High thermal tolerance in high elevation species and laboratory-reared colonies of tropical bumble bees
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High elevation increases the risk of Y chromosome loss in Alpine skink populations with sex reversal
<p>The view genotypic sex determination (GSD) and environmental sex determination (ESD) are mutually exclusive states has been contradicted by the discovery that chromosomal sex and environmental influences can co-exist within the same species, hinting at a continuum of intermediate states. Systems where genes and the environment interact to determine sex present the opportunity for sex reversal to occur, where the phenotypic sex is the opposite of that predicted by their sex chromosome complement. The skink Bassiana duperreyi has XX:XY sex chromosomes with sex reversal of the XX genotype to a male phenotype in response to exposure to cold incubation temperatures. Here we studied the frequency of sex reversal in B. duperreyi in response to climatic variation, using elevation as a surrogate for environmental temperatures. We demonstrate sex reversal for the first time in free-ranging adults of a reptile species with XX/XY sex determination. The highest frequency of sex reversal occurred at the highest elevation location, Mount Ginini (18.64%) and decreases in frequency with elevation. We model the impact of this under Fisher's frequency dependent selection to show that, only at the highest elevations, populations risk the loss of the Y chromosome and a transition to TSD. This study contributes to our understanding of the risks of extinction from climate change in species subject to sex reversal by temperature, and will provide focus for future research to test on-the-ground management strategies to mitigate the effects of climate in local populations.</p> <div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoCommentText"> </p> </div> </div> </div>
Data from: Two-year bee, or not two-year bee? How voltinism is affected by temperature and season length in a high-elevation solitary bee
Organisms must often make developmental decisions without complete information about future conditions. This uncertainty—for example, about the duration of conditions favorable for growth—can favor bet-hedging strategies. Here, we investigated the causes of life-cycle variation in Osmia iridis, a bee exhibiting a possible bet-hedging strategy with co-occurring one- and two-year life cycles. One-year bees reach adulthood quickly but die if they fail to complete pupation before winter; two-year bees adopt a low-risk, low-reward strategy of postponing pupation until the second summer. We reared larval bees in incubators in various experimental conditions and found that warmer—but not longer—summers, and early birth dates, increased the frequency of one-year life cycles. Using in situ temperature measurements and developmental trajectories of laboratory- and field-reared bees, we estimated degree-days required to reach adulthood in a single year. Local long-term (1950–2015) climate records reveal that this heat requirement is met in only ~7% of summers, suggesting that the observed distribution of life cycles is adaptive. Warming summers will likely decrease average generation times in these populations. Nevertheless, survival of bees attempting one-year life cycles—particularly those developing from late-laid eggs—will be <100%; consequently, we expect the life-cycle polymorphism to persist.
Data from: Declines in low-elevation subalpine tree populations outpace growth in high-elevation populations with warming
1. Species distribution shifts in response to climate change require that recruitment increase beyond current range boundaries. For trees with long lifespans, the importance of climate-sensitive seedling establishment to the pace of range shifts has not been demonstrated quantitatively. 2. Using spatially explicit, stochastic population models combined with data from long-term forest surveys, we explored whether the climate-sensitivity of recruitment observed in climate manipulation experiments was sufficient to alter populations and elevation ranges of two widely distributed, high-elevation North American conifers. 3. Empirically observed, warming-driven declines in recruitment led to rapid modeled population declines at the low-elevation, "warm edge" of subalpine forest and slow emergence of populations beyond the high-elevation, "cool edge". Because population declines in the forest occurred much faster than population emergence in the alpine, we observed range contraction for both species. For Engelmann spruce, this contraction was permanent over the modeled time horizon, even in the presence of increased moisture. For limber pine, lower sensitivity to warming may facilitate persistence at low elevations – especially in the presence of increased moisture – and rapid establishment above treeline, and, ultimately, expansion into the alpine. 4. Synthesis. Assuming 21st century warming and no additional moisture, population dynamics in high-elevation forests led to transient range contractions for limber pine and potentially permanent range contractions for Engelmann spruce. Thus, limitations to seedling recruitment with warming can constrain the pace of subalpine tree range shifts.
Climate controls plant life form patterns on a high-elevation oceanic island
<p>Aim: Plant life forms characterize key morphological strategies that enable large-scale comparisons of plant communities. This study applies Raunkiær's plant life form concept that was developed for temperate climate to a subtropical island flora, in parts, dominated by summer aridity. We quantify how plant life form patterns as well as patterns of important plant functional traits (PFTs) relate to important climate and topographic characteristics. Location: La Palma, Canary Islands Taxon: Flora of La Palma.</p> <p>Methods: We assigned each native plant species a plant life form, i.e., phanerophyte, chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, geophyte and therophyte, as well as PFTs (succulence and N-fixer). We used stacked species distribution models to assess occurrence probability for each species using the Atlantis database (500x500 m grid). We related richness and percentage values for each plant life form and PFT to climate and topography.</p> <p>Results: Plant life forms and PFTs showed a clear pattern within geographic but also climate space, while topography had a minor effect. Phanerophytes mainly contributed to the flora in humid areas. Chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes most strongly contributed to the summit scrub flora and, to some degree, also to the arid coastal regions. Geophytes and therophytes were mainly found in dry coastal regions. N-fixers contributed mainly to warm-arid and cool-arid regions, while succulent species were mainly found in arid coastal regions.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Raunkiær's plant life form concept can be comprehensively transferred to a subtropical island flora by adapting to local unfavorable growing conditions, i.e., aridity. Using the strong environmental gradients offered by our study island, we identify substantial climate-driven variation in patterns of plant life forms and PFTs that might be used for large scale comparisons in macroecological studies. The growth strategies reflected in Raunkiær's plant life forms suggest differences in species establishment and coexistence dynamics within different parts of the island's climate space.</p>
Carole Niffenegger, Sebastian Dirren, Christian Schano, Fränzi Korner-Nievergelt (2023) Data from : Natural nest cavities in a high elevation habitat provide a more constant thermal environment than human-made nest cavities
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Nest cavities with suitable thermal conditions can provide fitness benefits for birds through reduced thermoregulatory cost. Insulation can however vary between natural and human-made cavities. While several studies have assessed cavity temperatures, research from high elevation habitats, where environmental conditions are particularly variable, is still scarce. We compared temperature profiles of vacant natural and human-made nest cavities of white-winged snowfinches <i>Montifringilla nivalis</i>, a high elevation cavity nestling species. Human-made cavities experienced more extreme temperatures, with potential consequences for offspring viability, bringing into question their suitability as conservation measure, particularly as extreme temperature events become more frequent. </p>
The Highs and Lows of Grazing: Effects of Ungulates and Elevation on Grassland and Sagebrush Steppe Vegetation Composition in Yellowstone National Park
<p>Yellowstone National Park’s Northern Range is emblematic for the wolves, bison and elk that inhabit its grassland and sagebrush-steppe habitats. Their interactions and populations have been the focus of considerable conservation debate. Recent changes in ungulate populations provide an opportunity to examine their influence on the vegetation communities. We conducted expansive vegetation surveys along an elevation gradient and at exclosure sites where ungulates were unable to graze. We collected a large database (n = 620 quadrats), which we analyzed using classic community ecology approaches. We found that non-native species have higher abundances at low elevations, and that grazing by ungulates reduces beta diversity and native cover, while promoting non-native cover. The magnitude of these changes are greater in bison-dominated than elk-dominated areas of Yellowstone, suggesting that bison may be overgrazing. These results provide valuable insights into major factors shaping vegetation communities, while also contextualizing management practices in a world-renowned ecosystem.</p> <p> </p> <p>Please respect licensing, and contact the corresponding author for permission to use this dataset in any research or publications. </p>
Fig. 4 in A New Species of Nannoscincus Günther (Squamata: Scincidae) from High Elevation Forest in Southern New Caledonia
Fig. 4. Map of New Caledonia showing location of Pic Ningua and adjacent Mont Çidoa,
Fig. 1 in A New Species of Nannoscincus Günther (Squamata: Scincidae) from High Elevation Forest in Southern New Caledonia
Fig. 1. Paratype of Nannoscincus garrulus n.sp. (AMS R163457).
Thermal-metabolic phenotypes of the lizard Podarcis muralis differ across elevation, but converge in high elevation hypoxia
<p>In response to a warming climate, many montane species are shifting upslope to track the emergence of preferred temperatures. Characterizing patterns of variation in metabolic, physiological and thermal traits along an elevational gradient, and the plastic potential of these traits, is necessary to understand current and future responses to abiotic constraints at high elevations, including limited oxygen availability. We performed a transplant experiment with the upslope-colonizing common wall lizard (<em>Podarcis</em> <em>muralis</em>) in which we measured nine aspects of thermal physiology and aerobic capacity in lizards from replicate low- (400 m above sea level, ASL) and high-elevation (1700 m ASL) populations. We first measured traits at their elevation of origin and then transplanted half of each group to extreme high elevation (2900 m ASL; above the current elevational range limit of this species), where oxygen availability is reduced by ∼25% relative to sea level. After 3 weeks of acclimation, we again measured these traits in both the transplanted and control groups. The multivariate thermal–metabolic phenotypes of lizards originating from different elevations differed clearly when measured at the elevation of origin. For example, high-elevation lizards are more heat tolerant than their low-elevation counterparts (counter-gradient variation). Yet, these phenotypes converged after exposure to reduced oxygen availability at extreme high elevation, suggesting limited plastic responses under this novel constraint. Our results suggest that high-elevation populations are well suited to their oxygen environments, but that plasticity in the thermal–metabolic phenotype does not pre-adapt these populations to colonize more hypoxic environments at higher elevations.</p>
Exotic herbivores dominate Australian high‐elevation grasslands
<p>Invasive species are major drivers of ecosystem degradation globally. How invasive herbivore impacts differ from native herbivore impacts remains understudied. We examined the relationships between herbivore sign and vegetation height, foliage density, cover of forbs, weeds, bare ground, and soil compaction across environmental and herbivore activity gradients in the mainland Australian Alps. We detected native and exotic herbivore sign at 32.8% and 94.0% of sites, respectively. Total herbivore activity was primarily attributed to exotic herbivores and was associated with elevation and grassland type. Greater horse (exotic) activity was associated with lower vegetation height, lower foliage density, higher forb cover, and higher soil compaction. Greater rabbit and hare (exotic) activity was associated with lower vegetation height, lower foliage density, and a higher cover of bare ground. Greater total herbivore activity was associated with greater weed cover. Neither deer (exotic) nor kangaroo and wallaby (native) activity was related to response variables. We demonstrate that exotic herbivores dominate mammalian herbivory in these grasslands, which evolved without analogous hooved species. Given the restricted distribution and high endemism of these ecosystems, and associations between exotic herbivores and characteristics of degraded grasslands, we recommend landscape-scale exotic herbivore management, focusing on maintaining ground cover and vegetation structure.</p>
Lepidagathis mahakassapae sp. nov. (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) from the high elevated Lateritic Plateau of Northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India
<p><em>Lepidagathis mahakassapae.</em> sp. nov., monocarpic and endemic species is described from Western Maharashtra, India. The new species is allied to <em>L. sabui </em>from Konkan, Maharashtra. Stems of <em>L. mahakassapae</em> grows up to 250 cm in length which is remarkably long while few prostrate species attains this much length. Illustration and colour photographs are provided for ease of identification</p>
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations
<p>Many species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict if organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds – a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures – from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200 meters above their current elevational range limit to test an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope due to rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated climate-induced range shifts.</p>
Supporting Information for "Geochemical evidence for diachronous uplift and synchronous collapse of the high elevation Variscan hinterland"
<p>Supplemental data for GLR manuscript submission.</p>
Compensatory recruitment unlikely in high elevation amphibian populations challenged with disease
<p>Population-level variation in host responses to disease can be observed across a wide array of host-pathogen systems. Some host populations are extirpated, some persist at lower densities or abundances, and others rebound to pre-disease levels. Understanding the causes of this variation, and the mechanisms of successful persistence, can serve as vital information for species conservation. One such mechanism of population persistence that has gained support in the amphibian <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (Bd) host-pathogen system is the demographic process of compensatory recruitment. Host populations may persist by increasing recruitment to compensate for reduced survival due to infection, thus limiting the negative effects of the disease on population trajectories. However, high-elevation amphibian populations are inherently vulnerable to stochastic processes and may be limited in their ability to exhibit compensatory recruitment relative to lower-elevation populations.</p> <p>We use long-term mark-recapture data from five populations of boreal toads (<em>Anaxyrus boreas boreas</em>), across an elevational gradient in Colorado, before and after pathogen arrival to assess whether populations can persist with Bd via compensatory recruitment.</p> <p>Prior to Bd arrival, we found a life history tradeoff between survival and recruitment across elevations, where high-elevation toads have high survival but lower recruitment and vice versa at lower elevations.</p> <p>Bd arrival had a strong negative effect on apparent annual survival and recruitment, and led to negative population growth rates and dramatically reduced host abundances. The data did not support the occurrence of compensatory recruitment.</p> <p>Synthesis and applications. Our unique dataset suggests that demographic responses to pathogens may be environmentally (i.e., elevationally) context-dependent and highlights the value of long-term monitoring. We recommend that practitioners verify that potential persistence mechanisms occur across multiple populations and relevant environmental gradients to counter any assumptions of the mechanism existing species-wide. Quantifying any variation in population responses to disease will aid in understanding the bounds of such persistence mechanisms, and identify particularly vulnerable populations where mechanisms are non-existent.</p>
Figure 3 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure 3. Activity patterns density curve along the three localities. Guanentá in dark gray, Las Moyas in light gray and La Chacua in gray.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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