Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 4 in Biomechanical analysis and new trophic hypothesis for Riojasuchus tenuisceps, a bizarre-snouted Late Triassic pseudosuchian from Argentina

Fig. 4. Biomechanical test of external force in the ornithosuchid pseudosuchian Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte, 1969. Lateral load force (A), tractive load force (B), and twist force (C). External force configuration for each test. The red arrows indicate the direction of the applied forces and the pink cylinder represents the bitten mass (A1–C1). For each test, we present the result of finite element analysis on anterolateral view of the skull (A2–C2), sections of the second and third right teeth of the dentary (A3–C3), and sections of right premaxillary teeth (A4–C4). Abbreviations: mAMP, musculus adductor mandibulae posterior; mAMEs/m/p, musculus adductor mandibulae externus superficialis/medialis/profundus; mPST, musculus pseudotemporalis; mIM, musculus intramandibularis; mPTv/d, musculus pterygoideus ventralis/dorsalis; mDM, musculus depressor mandibulae. The colorimetric scale shows the smooth effective stress distribution in the structure.

Fig. 3 in Biomechanical analysis and new trophic hypothesis for Riojasuchus tenuisceps, a bizarre-snouted Late Triassic pseudosuchian from Argentina

Fig. 3. Biomechanical test of bite force in the ornithosuchid pseudosuchian Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte, 1969. Skull model in lateral view (A) indicating the position of the bite force measurements (B–E), showing the respective results of finite element analysis for each bite force test. Abbreviations: mAMP, musculus adductor mandibulae posterior; mAMEs/m/p, musculus adductor mandibulae externus superficialis/medialis/profundus; mPST, musculus pseudotemporalis; mIM, musculus intramandibularis; mPTv/d, musculus pterygoideus ventralis/dorsalis; mDM, musculus depressor mandibulae. The colorimetric scale shows the smooth effective stress distribution in the structure.

Fig. 2 in Biomechanical analysis and new trophic hypothesis for Riojasuchus tenuisceps, a bizarre-snouted Late Triassic pseudosuchian from Argentina

Fig. 2. Analysis of mandibular occlusion in the ornithosuchid pseudosuchian Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte, 1969. A. Skull in lateral view (A1), marking the anterior (blue frame) and posterior (green frame) jaw; also indicated the closing angles for each section of the jaw. The bars show the tendency line of cranial teeth apex (yellow bar), the tendency line of mandibles teeth apex (orange bar), and middle of angle between both (pink bar); the light blue circle represent the captured prey. Arc formed by the anterior dentary teeth during the closing jaw (A2). B. Skulls comparison between Riojasuchus tenuisceps and living crocodiles, with teeth apexes plotted in dorsal view. The teeth apexes plot shows the separation between the cranial and mandibular dental rows on the same side. The blue and red dots correspond to the cranium and mandible teeth apexes, respectively. B not to scale.

Fig. 1 in Biomechanical analysis and new trophic hypothesis for Riojasuchus tenuisceps, a bizarre-snouted Late Triassic pseudosuchian from Argentina

Fig. 1. Skull of the ornithosuchid pseudosuchian Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte, 1969, from Los Colorados Formation, Late Triassic, La Rioja, Argentina. Photographs of the skull of PVL 3827 (A) and PVL 3828 (B). Reconstructions (C). Three-dimensional skull reconstruction (C1), with muscular reconstruction (C2), and model of muscular action bars (C3). Abbreviations: mAMP, musculus adductor mandibulae posterior; mA- MEs/m/p, musculus adductor mandibulae externus superficialis/medialis/ profundus; mPST, musculus pseudotemporalis; mIM, musculus intramandibularis; mPTv/d, musculus pterygoideus ventralis/dorsalis; mDM, musculus depressor mandibulae. The 3D views of reconstructions are available in the SOM (Supplementary Online Material available at http://app.pan.pl/ SOM/app68-Taborda_etal_SOM.pdf).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Data to test for the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis in Great Tits

This is the data set for the paper “Did you learn what to eat from your parents? A test of the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis in Great Tits Parus major”, published in Journal of Avian Biology.  We collected information on foraging preferences of breeding Great Tits during twelve years (2011-2022) in the field station of Can Catà, within Collserola Natural Park (Cerdanyola, Barcelona, NE Iberian Peninsula, 45º 27' N, 2º 8' E). To obtain data about nestlings’ diet, we attached infra-red Micro-D cameras (Mini Colour Sony IR Camera SK-C170IR) to the nest top inside the nest-box and focused on the entrance, thus allowing us to identify delivered prey. Nests were recorded from 07:00-13:00h (five hours). Prey were classified into three categories -caterpillars, spiders and others- because caterpillars and spiders are the most important prey types for Mediterranean populations of Great Tits. The size of each prey item was determined according to a semi-quantitative scale in relation to beak size of the Great Tit, which has an average size of 9 mm. Size categories were: 1=small (smaller than beak size), 2 = medium (similar to beak size), 3 = large (larger than beak size). Data refers to percentage of caterpillars, percentage of spiders, percentage of ‘other prey’ and mean prey size (of all prey categories). To perform the analyses the percentage of each type of prey (caterpillars, spiders and ‘other prey’) were square-root transformed to approximate normality. Since the diet of individuals may vary across years due to changing weather conditions and environmental factors affecting prey availability, before comparing an individual’s diet across different years, data was standardised for different variables using a generalised linear mixed-effects model fitted by restricted maximum likelihood. Variables included were ‘year’, ‘sex’, ‘age’ (to distinguish if the breeding individual was yearling or adult), ‘brood size’, ‘brood age’, ‘date of recording’ (taken as the number of days from 1st April to control for phenology), and the proportion of oak trees in relation to Aleppo Pines within 25m of the nest-box. Analysis allowed to extracte residuals for further analysis, which appear in the four provided tables.   For each individual we provide prey data corresponding to the chick stage and the data from the adult stage. Data is divided in four different sheets, using different variants of the diet data that individuals received as a chick: (1) using exclusively the father’s data (referred to as Father Data), (2) using only the mother’s data (referred to as Mother Data), (3) using the mean of both parents’ prey data (referred to as Mean Data), and (4) using weighted parents data depending on the number of provisioning trips (giving more importance to the prey delivered by the most actively feeding parent, referred to as Weighted Data).

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Data for: "A test of the mechanistic process behind the convergent agonistic character displacement hypothesis"

Abstract In this era of rapid global change, understanding the mechanisms that enable or prevent species from co-occurring has assumed new urgency. The convergent agonistic character displacement (CACD) hypothesis posits that signal similarity enables co-occurrence of ecological competitors by promoting aggressive interactions that reduce interspecific territory overlap and hence, exploitative competition. In northwestern Switzerland, ca. 10% of Phylloscopus sibilatrix produce songs containing syllables that are typical of their co-occurring sister species, P. bonelli (“mixed singers”). To examine whether the consequences of P. sibilatrix mixed singing are consistent with CACD, we combined a playback experiment and an analysis of interspecific territory overlap. Although P. bonelli reacted more aggressively to playback of mixed P. sibilatrix song than to playback of typical P. sibilatrix song, interspecific territory overlap was not reduced for mixed singers. Thus, the CACD hypothesis was not supported, which stresses the importance of distinguishing between interspecific aggressive interactions and their presumed spatial consequences.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

FIGURE 3 in Re-examining the hypothesis of allopatric distribution of Myoprocta acouchy and M. pratti (Mammalia: Dasyproctidae) in South America

FIGURE 3: Geographic range of Myoprocta in Colombia and adjacent countries. Filled circles indicate localities of Red acouchi M. acouchy (Voss et al., 2001). Open circles indicate reddish acouchies from Colombia. Filled squares represent Green acouchies from Ecuador and Peru. Empty squares represent records of greenish acouchies from Colombia. Star represents the type locality of Green acouchi M. pratti (Río Marañón, Pongo de Rentema). Dotted oval indicates area of sympatry between reddish acouchies and greenish acouchies. Locality 26 (Meta, Los Micos, Colombia) is the westernmost known of reddish acouchies. The localities are presented in Appendix 2.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

FIGURE 2 in Re-examining the hypothesis of allopatric distribution of Myoprocta acouchy and M. pratti (Mammalia: Dasyproctidae) in South America

FIGURE 2: Ventral and dorsal view of the skins of Myoprocta from Colombia, showing the differential color patterns. a: greenish acouchi (ICN 211); b: greenish acouchi (ICN 212); c: reddish acouchi (IAvH 2542); d: reddish acouchi (IAvH 1856).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

FIGURE 1 in Re-examining the hypothesis of allopatric distribution of Myoprocta acouchy and M. pratti (Mammalia: Dasyproctidae) in South America

FIGURE 1: Ventral view of the skull of greenish acouchi M. cf. pratti (ICN 775) (top) and reddish acouchi M. cf. acouchy (ICN 1678) (bottom) from Colombia, showing the difference in the shape of sphenopalatine vacuities. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 16 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 16. Detailed images of the EFS of both the SMA 0084 "Rich" samples. A, EFS of SMA 0084 "Rich" tibia, in which a cycle of faster growth is included (indicated by arrow). B, EFS of SMA 0084 "Rich" fibula, which also shows a cycle of faster growth (indicated by arrow). Images taken under plane-polarized light.

FIGURE 13 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 13. Images of all forelimb samples taken from SMA 0011 "Max". A, humerus (r). B, humerus (l). C, ulna (l). D, radius (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 2 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 2. Detailed quarry map of the Howe Scott Quarry with finds from excavation seasons 1995-2003. The color coding reflects the hypothesis of skeletal unity based on field observations (Ayer, 2000). Sauropods are indicated in red in the legend. The arrows indicate the sampled bones used in this study. The quarry map was made by E. Premru, and provided by the Sauriermuseum Aathal, Aathal, Switzerland. Note that SMA M16/12-3 is not marked on the map due to a coordinate inaccuracy, which makes it impossible to correctly locate bone SMA M16/12-3 on the quarry map.

FIGURE 1 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 1. Detailed quarry map of the Howe-Stephens Quarry with finds from excavation seasons 1992-2001. The color coding reflects the hypothesis of skeletal unity based on field observations (Ayer, 2000). Sauropods are indicated in red text in the legend. Note that the 2002 season, which was the last season for the Howe-Stephens Quarry, only uncovered another silicified tree trunk, which was found below the partial skeletons of SMA 0002 "E.T." and SMA no # "Brösmeli". The arrows indicate the sampled bones used in this study. This quarry map was made by E. Premru, and provided by the Sauriermuseum Aathal, Aathal, Switzerland.

FIGURE 15 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 15. Images of both samples taken from SMA 0084 "Rich". A, tibia (l). B, fibula (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; EFS: External fundamental system, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 3 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 3. The innermost cortex of fibula SMA 0084 "Rich" with the three visible generations of secondary osteons. The numbers indicate the three overlapping secondary osteons. Image taken under plane-polarized light.

FIGURE 12 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 12. Several histological structures observed in the anterior section of the femur of SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, Large circular structure, which possesses clear circumferentially orientated vascular canals. B, Close-up of the circular structure and the vascular canals. C, D, F, Cycles which show unorganized bone tissue, and varying vascular canal orientations. E, Close-up of unorganized bone tissue cycle. Images taken under plane-polarized light.

FIGURE 11 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 11. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, femur (r), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (r), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (r). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 14 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 14. Images of all hindlimb samples taken from SMA 0011 "Max". A, femur (l), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (l), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (l). D, fibula (l). E, SMA M16/12-3 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.

FIGURE 9 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)

FIGURE 9. Images of all samples taken from the isolated bones SMA G47/87-1, G47/87-1 and G50/91-1. A, SMA G46/87-1 humerus (l). B, SMA G50/91-1 humerus (r). C, SMA G47/87-1 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.