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194 results for “island evolution”
Mantel and partial Mantel test data and scripts of mimetic evolution of Papilio polytes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
<p>Batesian mimicry is a striking example of Darwinian evolution, and the swallowtail butterfly <em>Papilio polytes</em> exhibits Batesian mimicry polymorphism. These <em>P. polytes</em> populations show various mimic ratios among the Ryukyu Islands in Japan. We conducted Mantel and partial Mantel tests regarding the possible relationship among the mimic ratio differences, geographic distances, and average genetic distances among five islands of the Ryukyus based on 259 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 93 individuals.</p>
Data from: Effects of feral cats on the evolution of anti-predator behaviours in island reptiles: insights from an ancient introduction
Exotic predators have been the driving force behind the extinction of many island endemic species. We examined impacts of feral cats (Felis catus) on the abundance and anti-predator behaviors of Aegean wall lizards (Podarcis erhardii) in the Cyclades (Greece), where cats were introduced thousands of years ago. We compared populations with high and low cat density on Naxos and populations on surrounding islets with no cats. Results show that cats have strong negative effects on wall lizard populations, and lizards cope with current threat from cats using plastic defenses that likely existed before the ancient introduction. Lizards facing greater risk from cats stayed closer to refugia, and were more likely to shed their tails in a standardized assay. Flight initiation distance from a surveyor or a mounted cat decoy in the lab correlated closely with risk from cats. All populations showed phenotypic plasticity in flight initiation distance suggesting that this plasticity is ancient and could have helped wall lizards survive the initial introduction of cats to the region. Lizards from islets sought shelter less often and often initially approached the cat decoy. These differences reflect a change since the introduction and could render islet lizards strongly susceptible to cat predation.
Data from: Evolution of thermal tolerance and its fitness consequences: parallel and non-parallel responses to urban heat islands across three cities
The question of parallel evolution—what causes it, and how common it is—has long captured the interest of evolutionary biologists. Widespread urban development over the last century has driven rapid evolutionary responses on contemporary timescales, presenting a unique opportunity to test the predictability and parallelism of evolutionary change. Here we examine rapid urban evolution in an acorn-dwelling ant species, focusing on the urban heat island signal and the ant's tolerance of these altered urban temperature regimes. Using a common-garden experimental design with acorn ant colonies collected from urban and rural populations in three cities and reared under five temperature treatments in the laboratory, we assessed plastic and evolutionary shifts in the heat and cold tolerance of F1 offspring worker ants. In two of three cities, we found evolved losses of cold tolerance, and compression of thermal tolerance breadth. Results for heat tolerance were more complex: in one city, we found evidence of simple evolved shifts in heat tolerance in urban populations, though in another, the difference in urban and rural population heat tolerance depended on laboratory rearing temperature, and only became weakly apparent at the warmest rearing temperatures. The shifts in tolerance appeared to be adaptive, as our analysis of the fitness consequences of warming revealed that while urban populations produced more sexual reproductives under warmer laboratory rearing temperatures, rural populations produced fewer. Patterns of natural selection on thermal tolerances supported our findings of fitness tradeoffs and local adaptation across urban and rural acorn ant populations, as selection on thermal tolerance acted in opposite directions between the warmest and coldest rearing temperatures. Our study provides mixed support for parallel evolution of thermal tolerance under urban temperature rise.
Data from: Snake and bird predation drive the repeated convergent evolution of correlated life history traits and phenotype in the Izu Island scincid lizard (Plestiodon latiscutatus)
Predation may create strong natural selection pressure on the phenotype and life history characteristics of prey species. The Izu scincid lizards (Plestiodon latiscutatus) that inhabit the four Japanese Izu Islands with only bird predators are drab brown, mature later, lay small clutches of large eggs, and hatch large neonates. In contrast, skinks on seven islands with both snake and bird predators are conspicuously colored, mature early, lay large clutches of small eggs, and hatch small neonates. We test the hypothesis that these suites of traits have evolved independently on each island via natural selection pressures from one of two predator regimes – birds-only and birds + snakes. Using two mtDNA genes and a nuclear locus, we infer a time-calibrated phylogeny of P. latiscutatus that reveals a basal split between Mikura and all islands south, and Miyake, all islands north, and the Izu Peninsula. Populations inhabiting Miyake, Niijima, Shikine, and Toshima are not monophyletic, suggesting either multiple colonizations or an artifact of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). We therefore developed novel phylogenetic comparative analyses that assume either a multiple colonization or more restrictive single colonization ILS scenario and found 1) statistically significant support for the of different suites of phenotypic and life history characteristics with the presence of bird-only or bird + snake predator assemblages, and 2) strong phylogenetic support for at least two independent derivations of either the "bird-only" or "snakes + birds" phenotypes regardless of colonization scenario. Finally, our time-calibrated phylogeographic analysis supports the conclusion that the ancestor to modern Izu Island P. latiscutatus dispersed from the mainland to the Izu proto-islands between 3–7.6 million years ago (Ma). These lineages remained present in the area during successive formation of the islands, with one lineage re-colonizing the mainland 0.24-0.7 Ma.
Data from: Evolution of antipredator behavior in an island lizard species, Podarcis erhardii (Reptilia: Lacertidae): the sum of all fears?
Organisms generally have many defenses against predation yet may lack effective defenses if from populations without predators. Evolutionary theory predicts that 'costly' antipredator behaviors will be selected against when predation risk diminishes. We examined antipredator behaviors in Aegean wall lizards, Podarcis erhardii, across an archipelago of land-bridge islands that vary in predator diversity and period of isolation. We examined two defenses, flight initiation distance and tail autotomy. Flight initiation distance generally decreased with declining predator diversity. All predator types had distinctive effects on flight initiation distance with mammals and birds having the largest estimated effects. Rates of autotomy observed in the field were highest on predator-free islands yet laboratory-induced autotomy increased linearly with overall predator diversity. Against expectation from previous work, tail autotomy was not explained solely by the presence of vipers. Analyses of populations directly isolated from rich predator communities revealed that flight initiation distance decreased with increased duration of isolation in addition to the effects of current predator diversity, whereas tail autotomy could be explained simply by current predator diversity. Although selection against costly defenses should depend on time with reduced threats, different defenses may diminish along different trajectories even within the same predator-prey system.
Data from: Environmental margin and island evolution in Middle Eastern populations of the Egyptian fruit bat
Here, we present a study of the population genetic architecture and microevolution of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) at the environmental margins in the Middle East using mitochondrial sequences and nuclear microsatellites. In contrast to the rather homogenous population structure typical of cave-dwelling bats in climax tropical ecosystems, a relatively pronounced isolation by distance and population diversification was observed. The evolution of this pattern could be ascribed to the complicated demographic history at higher latitudes related to the range margin fragmentation and complex geomorphology of the studied area. Lineages from East Africa and Arabia show divergent positions. Within the northwestern unit, the most marked pattern of the microsatellite dataset is connected with insularity, as demonstrated by the separate status of populations from Saharan oases and Cyprus. These demes also exhibit a reduction in genetic variability, which is presumably connected with founder effects, drift and other potential factors related to island evolution as site-specific selection. Genetic clustering indicates a semipermeability of the desert barriers in the Sahara and Arabian Peninsula and a corridor role of the Nile Valley. The results emphasizes the role of the island environment in restricting the gene flow in megabats, which is also corroborated by biogeographic patterns within the family, and suggests the possibility of nascent island speciation on Cyprus. Demographic analyses suggest that the colonization of the region was connected to the spread of agricultural plants; therefore, the peripatric processes described above might be because of or strengthened by anthropogenic changes in the environment.
Data from: Body size evolution on islands: are adult size variations in tiger snakes a non-adaptive consequence of selection on birth size?
Mean adult size has been used as the traditional measure of body size to explain trends of insular gigantism and dwarfism in a wide array of taxa. However, patterns of variation in body size at birth have received surprisingly little attention, leaving open the possibility that adult body-size differences are nonadaptive consequences of selection acting on neonate body size. Here I used an empirical and correlative approach to test this hypothesis in a mosaic of 12 island and mainland snake populations in Australia. Data collected on 597 adult and 1,084 neonate tiger snakes showed that (1) both adult and neonate mean body sizes varied strongly across populations; (2) prey diversity and size convincingly explained birth-size variations: birth size—notably, gape size—correlated with prey size; (3) neonate snout-vent length was significantly correlated with neonate gape size; and (4) neonate snout-vent length was significantly correlated with adult snout-vent length. Postnatal growth rates recorded under common-garden conditions differed across populations and were correlated with mean prey size. These data collectively suggest that (1) prey size is the main driver for the evolution of body size at birth in gape-limited predators, (2) adult size variations may reflect selective forces acting on earlier life stages, and (3) adult size variations may also reflect resource availability during ontogeny (notably, prey diversity).
Figure 3 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 3. Habitat at the type locality of Hemiphyllodactylus bintik sp. nov., Gunung Tebu, Terenganu, Peninsular Malaysia.
Figure 4 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 4. The results of the different partitioning schemes on node age estimates. When applicable, node age estimates from Heinicke et al. (2011) for nuclear DNA (nDNA) only and combined mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nDNA were includ- ed for comparative purposes.
Figure 2 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 2. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype of Hemiphyllodactylus bintik sp. nov. (LSUHC 11216).
Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95 in Repeated evolution of sympatric, palaeoendemic species in closely related, co-distributed lineages of Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) across a sky-island archipelago in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 1. A, Bayesian time tree for Hemiphyllodactylus with 95% highest posterior density (95% HPD) intervals for major nodes represented by purple bars. Black circles at nodes are posterior probabilities ≥ 0.95; grey circles at nodes are posterior probabilities <0.95. B, Bayesian time tree for the Hemiphyllodactylus harterti group. C, Distribution of the H. harterti group in Peninsular Malaysia.
Observations of island wakes at high Rossby numbers: Evolutions of submesoscale vortices and free shear layer
<p>The dataset contains shipboard and moored current and temperature measurements used to produce the figures in a manuscript entitled as "Observations of island wakes at high Rossby numbers: Evolutions of submesoscale vortices and free shear layer". All the data are in MATLAB file format.</p> <p>Fig3_Experiment2.mat: current velocity and temperature data shown in Figure 3 in ten surveys.</p> <p>Fig4_MOORING.mat: Moored zonal velocity data at W1 and W2 shown in Figure 4.</p> <p>Fig6_L6.mat: meridional current data, Ro and shear-squared shown in Figure 6.</p> <p>Fig7_Experiment1_T1.mat: temperature and current data in Figures 7a-c.</p> <p>Fig7_case05.mat: temperature and current data in Figures 7d and 7g.</p> <p>Fig7_case08.mat: temperature and current data in Figures 7e and 7h.</p> <p>Fig7_case11.mat: temperature and current data in Figure 7f and 7i.</p> <p>Fig8_(a)-(e): temperature and current data in Figure 8.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Figure 6 in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 6. Dugesia xeropotamica. Photomicrographs of sagittal histological sections. A, paratype GAS Pla 29.1, showing the bursal canal with the ectal reinforcement. B, holotype RMNH.VER.21534.1, showing the extrabulbar penial glands and the penis bulb. Abbreviations: bc, bursal canal; cb, copulatory bursa; cm, circular muscle; e, epithelium; epg, extra bulbar penial glands; er, ectal reinforcement; lm, longitudinal muscle; pb, penis bulb.
Figure 5. Dugesia xeropotamica, holotype RMNH.VER.21534.1. A in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 5. Dugesia xeropotamica, holotype RMNH.VER.21534.1. A, sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus (anterior to the left). B, photomicrograph showing, in a sagittal histological section, the penis bulb with seminal vesicle, penis papilla with the pointed diaphragm, ejaculatory duct, and extrabulbar glands. Abbreviations: bc, bursal canal; cb, copulatory bursa; d, diaphragm; ed, ejaculatory duct; epg, extra bulbar penial glands; er, ectal reinforcement; g, gonopore; ga, genital atrium; lod, left oviduct; lvd, left vas deferens; pb, penis bulb; pp, penis papilla; rod, right oviduct; sg, shell glands; sv, seminal vesicle.
Figure 1. A in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 1. A, sampling sites and geographical distribution of several species of Dugesia on Corsica and Sardinia, including records detailed in the present paper. The rectangular inset marked with C on Sardinia corresponds to panel C. B–D, rectangular insets show: Montecristo Island, in the Tuscany Archipelago (B); confluence of the Bunnari and Mascari rivers, near Sassari, Sardinia (C); and islet of Molara, Sardinia (D).
Figure 4 in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 4. Dugesia xeropotamica. Photomicrograph of a preserved sexual specimen (anterior to the top) from Seccu River (Montegrosso, locality 20, Corsica). Abbreviations: ca, copulatory apparatus; ph, pharynx.
Figure 3. A in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 3. A, schematic representation summarizing the guided tree used for BPP analysis. Results based on multilocus data using two algorithms (A0 and A1), three datasets (I, II, and III), and four evolutionary models (prior combinations) are shown. B, Bayes factor delimitation results for the array of models tested (M1–M5), with different a priori species-delimitation hypotheses.
Figure 2. A, B in New insights into the evolution and biogeography of freshwater planarians on islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean Basin, with the integrative description of a new endemic species from Corsica (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Dugesia)
Figure 2. A, B, simplified phylogenetic trees based on dataset III (concatenation of mitochondrial and nuclear data), depicting the conflicting phylogenetic position of Dugesia hoidi. C, detail of Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on dataset III, showing the phylogenetic positions of the unidentified specimens of Molara (C1) and Montecristo (C2). The complete phylogenetic trees inferred from all datasets are available in the Supporting Information (Fig. S1). D, unrooted phylogenetic tree based on dataset III, with valid nominal species and candidate species (PSC1) highlighted in various colours. Bootstrap support (bs), posterior probability (pp), ultrafast bootstrap (UFboot), and SH-aLRT test support values are colour-coded to indicate whether a node is unsupported (white), supported (grey), or fully supported (black).
Data from: A passerine bird's evolution corroborates the geologic history of the island of New Guinea
New Guinea is a biologically diverse island, with a unique geologic history and topography that has likely played a role in the evolution of species. Few island-wide studies, however, have examined the phylogeographic history of lowland species. The objective of this study was to examine patterns of phylogeographic variation of a common and widespread New Guinean bird species (Colluricincla megarhyncha). Specifically, we test the mechanisms hypothesized to cause geographic and genetic variation (e.g., vicariance, isolation by distance and founder-effect with dispersal). To accomplish this, we surveyed three regions of the mitochondrial genome and a nuclear intron and assessed differences among 23 of the 30 described subspecies from throughout their range. We found support for eight highly divergent lineages within C. megarhyncha. Genetic lineages were found within continuous lowland habitat or on smaller islands, but all individuals within clades were not necessarily structured by predicted biogeographic barriers. There was some evidence of isolation by distance and potential founder-effects. Mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence among lineages was at a level often observed among different species or even genera of birds (5-11%), suggesting lineages within regions have been isolated for long periods of time. When topographical barriers were associated with divergence patterns, the estimated divergence date for the clade coincided with the estimated time of barrier formation. We also found that dispersal distance and range size are positively correlated across lineages. Evidence from this research suggests that different phylogeographic mechanisms concurrently structure lineages of C. megarhyncha and are not mutually exclusive. These lineages are a result of evolutionary forces acting at different temporal and spatial scales concordant with New Guinea's geological history.
Figure 3 in Long distance dispersal and evolution of talitrids (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) in the northeast Atlantic islands
Figure 3. Dispersal and evolution in two "Darwinian" islands, A and B. Solid lines represent dispersal in wrack or driftwood; dashed lines indicate dispersal by synanthropic means.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.