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443 results for “kangaroo”
Fig. 6 in Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Fig. 6. The lingulid brachiopod Eodicellomus elkaniiformis Holmer and Ushatinskaya in Gravestock et al., 2001 from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Dorsal (A–D) and ventral (E–G) valves. A. SAM P57235 in interior view. B. SAM P57236 in interior view. C. SAM P57237 in interior view. D. SAM P57238 in interior view. E. SAM P57240 in interior (E1) and oblique (E2) views. F. SAM P57241 in oblique view. G. SAM P57239 in oblique view.
Fig. 3 in Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Fig. 3. The solenopleurid trilobite Trachoparia? sp. from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Latex cast of partial cranidium (SAM P57221) showing pustulose ornament and strongly tapered glabella in dorsal (A1), anterior (A3), and oblique anterolateral (A4) views; testate cranidium in dorsal view (A2).
Fig. 2 in Shelly fossils from the lower Cambrian White Point Conglomerate, Kangaroo Island, South Australia
Fig. 2. Correlation chart showing shelly fossil biozones against the stratigraphic succession in the Flinders Ranges, Fleurieu Peninsula, and Kangaroo Island (adapted from Betts et al. 2018: fig. 27). Note: The succession in the NE Kangaroo Island is based on the Investigator-1 drill core in which the Mt. McDonnell Formation is not apparent (Gehling et al. 2011). Lower boundary of White Point Conglomerate (WPC) is likely faulted. Abundant and diverse shelly fauna (SSF) from the bioclastic limestone clasts in the WPC have an upper Dailyatia odyssei Zone age. Dashed lines indicate uncertain stratigraphic relationship. Abbreviations: K., Kulparina; P., Parabadiella; S., Sunnaginia.
Figs. 169–172. Tinytrema kangaroo, new species. 169. Left male palp, ventral view. 170. Same, retrolateral view. 171. Epigynum, ventral view. 172 in A Revision Of The Australasian Ground Spiders Of The Families Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gallieniellidae, And Trochanteriidae (Araneae: Gnaphosoidea)
Figs. 169–172. Tinytrema kangaroo, new species. 169. Left male palp, ventral view. 170. Same, retrolateral view. 171. Epigynum, ventral view. 172. Same, dorsal view.
Figure 2 in An expanded description of the threatened tree kangaroo tickIxodes (Sternalixodes) dendrolagi Wilson, 1967 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Papua New Guinea
Figure 2 Ixodes dendrolagi female scanning electron micrographs: A – Ventral basis calpituli; B – Scutum; C – Dorsal basis capituli; D – Ventral idiosoma; E – Spiracular plate; F – Sternal plate.
Post-weaning survival in kangaroos is high and constant until senescence: Implications for population dynamics
<p>Large herbivores typically have consistently high prime-aged adult survival and lower, more variable, juvenile and senescent survival. Many kangaroo populations undergo greater fluctuations in density than other large herbivores, but age- and sex-specific survival of kangaroos and their response to environmental variation remain poorly estimated. We used long-term capture-mark-recapture data on 920 individuals to investigate the survival component of eastern grey kangaroo (<em>Macropus giganteus</em>) population dynamics. Forage availability and population density were monitored quarterly and included as predictors of survival in Bayesian Cormack-Jolly-Seber models. Annual survival probabilities were estimated for 5 age classes: 0 years (juveniles), 1–2 years (sub-adults), 3–6 years (prime-aged adults), 7–9 years (pre-senescent adults), and ≥10 years (senescent adults). Survival of juveniles varied widely during our 12-year study, ranging from 0.07–0.90 for females and 0.05–0.92 for males. Sub-adult survival was 0.80–0.93 for females and 0.75–0.85 for males, while that of prime-aged adults was ≥0.94 for females and ≥0.83 for males, despite large fluctuations in forage and density. The survival of pre-senescent adults spanned 0.86–0.93 for females and 0.60–0.86 for males. Senescent survival was variable, at 0.49–0.90 for females and 0.49–0.80 for males. Male survival was significantly lower than female survival in prime-aged and pre-senescent adults, but not in other age classes. Although most models supported by WAIC selection included one or a combination of environmental covariates, none of these individual covariates had a discernable effect on survival. Temporal variability in overall survival was mostly due to changes in survival of juvenile and senescent kangaroos. Kangaroo survival patterns are similar to those of ungulates, suggesting a strong role of sex-age structure on population dynamics.</p>
Dietary breadth in kangaroos facilitated resilience to Quaternary climatic variations
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Post-weaning survival in kangaroos is high and constant until senescence: Implications for population dynamics
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Code and data from: Silver spoons, reproduction, and growth catch-up in eastern grey kangaroos
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Effects of Kangaroo Rats on Plant Species Dominance in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (1988)
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of burrowing activities by banner-tail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis Merriam) on plant community structure and species dominance for two patch types at an ecotone between shortgrass steppe and desert grasslands in New Mexico, USA. Ten mounds produced by kangaroo rats were selected in patches dominated by Bouteloua gracilis (the dominant in shortgrass steppe communities) and ten mounds were selected in patches dominated by Bouteloua eriopoda (the dominant in Chihuahuan desert grasslands). Plant cover and density by species were sampled from three locations associated with each mound: the mound proper, the edge of the mound in the transition area, and the off-mound vegetation. Similar cover of B. eriopoda for the edges of mounds in both patch types indicates the ability of this species to respond to animal disturbances regardless of the amount of cover in the surrounding undisturbed vegetation. By contrast, cover of B. gracilis was low for all mounds and mound edges in patches dominated by this species. Much higher cover of B. eriopoda on mound edges compared to the undisturbed vegetation in B. gracilis- dominated patches indicates that kangaroo rats have important positive effects on this species. Lower cover of perennial grasses and higher cover of forbs, shrubs, and succulents on the edges of mounds in B. eriopoda - dominated patches compared to patches dominated by B. gracilis indicate the importance of surrounding vegetation to plant responses on disturbed areas. Our results show that kangaroo rats have important effects on both species dominance and composition for different patch types, and may provide a mechanism for small-scale dominance patterns at an ecotonal boundary; thus providing further support for their role as keystone species in desert grasslands.
The Effect of Kangaroo-Rat Activity on Plant Species Composition at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (1999)
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of kangaroo rat mounds on species diversity and composition at a semiarid-arid grassland ecotone. We expected that source populations of plants occurring on kangaroo rat mounds have important influences on the species composition of vegetation at the landscape scale, and that these influences differ by grassland type. Our study was conducted at the Sevilleta LTER in New Mexico, where a grassland type dominated by Bouteloua gracilis, a shortgrass steppe species, and a grassland type dominated by B. eriopoda, a desert grassland species, meet to form patches across the landscape. Four 0.4 ha plots were sampled for species diversity and composition in a regular 7m x 7m grid in each grassland type. Kangaroo rat mounds were also mapped and sampled for vegetation measures in four areas of 1.6 ha in each type. The landscape scale abundance of many subordinate species was increased significantly by populations occurring on kangaroo rat mounds in both grassland types. However, the area affected by the burrowing activity of kangaroo rats was twice as large in the B. eriopoda dominated grassland type. Furthermore, dominant plants on mounds in the B. eriopoda type were also abundant in off-mound areas whereas dominant plants on mounds in the B. gracilis type were not as abundant off-mound. These results indicate that the presence of mounds in the B. gracilis dominated type is creating islands of plant communities that are distinct from the rest of the grassland. Therefore, the occurrence of certain plant species in this grassland type may be intimately associated with the disturbance regime at this ecotone. This study demonstrates that effects of small burrowing animals may facilitate the coexistence of species at this ecotone.
Population Ecology of Banner-Tailed Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys spectabilis) in a Chihuahuan Desert Grassland at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico (2005-2009)
From March 2005-Februaury 2009, a population of banner-tailed kangaroo rats was monitored using mark-recapture methods. All active kangaroo rat mounds on the 18-ha Nunn Flats site were trapped monthly. All captured individuals were marked and reproductive status and mass were recorded. From February to July 2008 a subset of adult females received supplemental food. This dataset was collected to observe the survivorship, reproduction, and dispersal of banner-tailed kangaroo rats in response to changes in resources and density. Both observational and experimental methods were used to observe how ecological constraints affected juvenile dispersal.
Data from: Siring success in kangaroos: size matters for those in the right place at the right time
In polygynous species, male reproductive success is predicted to be monopolized by a few dominant males. This prediction is often not supported, suggesting that ecological and alternative mating tactics influence siring success. The spatiotemporal distribution of individuals and the number of males competing for each receptive female are often overlooked, because they are difficult to monitor in wild animals. We examined how spatial overlap of female-male pairs, the time spent by a male on the breeding site, number of competitors and morphological traits influence siring probability in eastern grey kangaroos (<i>Macropus giganteus</i>). We compared home range overlap for 12,208 dam-male pairs and 295 known dam-sire pairs to define local competitive groups and to estimate every male's opportunity to sire the young of each female. We compared models considering morphological traits relative to the entire population or to local competitive groups. Including local competition improved model performance because it estimated the intensity of competition and compared each male's morphological traits to those of its competitive group. Regardless of size, males can increase their probability to sire a young by increasing their <i>mating opportunity</i> relative to the mother. We underline the importance of considering spatial structure to assess the intensity of competition in species where males cannot equally access all females in a population. The estimation of mating opportunity and intensity of local competition improves our understanding of how morphological traits affect siring success when each mating event involves a different set of competing males, a characteristic of most wild species.
Livestock and kangaroo grazing have little effect on biomass and fuel hazard in semi-arid woodlands
<ol> <li>Using livestock grazing as a tool to manage biomass and reduce fuel hazard has gained widespread popularity, but examples from across the globe demonstrate that it often yields mixed, context-dependent results. Grazing has potential to deliver practical solutions in systems where grazing reduces not only biomass but also reduces fuel hazard by altering vegetation connectivity or composition.</li> <li>We assessed the extent to which recent rainfall, rabbit and kangaroo grazing and recent and historic livestock grazing alters and accounts for variation in above-ground biomass, biomass composition and fuel hazard ratings across three broad communities in eastern Australia. We used nested linear models to assess biomass in three vertical vegetation strata, that matched the strata assessed in the Overall Fuel Hazard Assessment guide (i.e. litter/surface fuel; groundstorey vegetation/near surface fuel; and midstorey vegetation/elevated fuel) and Ordinal Logistic Regression to assess categorical fuel hazard ratings.</li> <li>Only recent kangaroo grazing reduced groundstorey biomass across all communities. Kangaroo grazing altered litter mass and significantly reduced surface fuel hazard in one community. Recent livestock grazing did not reduce fuel hazard, and despite significantly reducing half of our measures of biomass, these were not practical reductions. For instance, livestock grazing significantly reduced litter mass, however our model predicts that doubling our assessment of livestock grazing intensity only reduces total litter mass by 0.8 %, or 8 kg per hectare in landscapes where average litter loads ranged from 3,600 to 12,600 kg per hectare. Furthermore, long-term livestock grazing increased shrub biomass and in one community this increased elevated fuel hazard. There were few effects of rabbits. The effects of rainfall on biomass were up to an order of magnitude greater than any effects due to grazing.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications:</i> Our data suggest that management practices that seek to use livestock grazing to reduce biomass in these systems will not achieve practical reductions in biomass and or fuel hazard.</li> </ol>
Higher sociability leads to lower reproductive success in female kangaroos
<p>In social mammals, social integration is generally assumed to improve females' reproductive success. Most species demonstrating this relationship exhibit complex forms of social bonds and interactions. However, female eastern grey kangaroos (<em>Macropus giganteus</em>) exhibit social preferences, yet do not appear to cooperate directly. It is unclear what the fitness consequences of sociability could be in species that do not exhibit obvious forms of cooperation. Using four years of life history, spatial, and social data from a wild population of approximately 200 individually recognizable female eastern grey kangaroos, we tested whether higher levels of sociability are associated with greater reproductive success. Contrary to expectations, we found that the size of a female's social network, her numbers of preferential associations with other females, and her group sizes all negatively influenced her reproductive success. These factors influenced the survival of dependent young that had left the pouch rather than those that were still in the pouch. We also show that primiparous females were less likely to have surviving young. Our findings suggest that social bonds are not always beneficial for reproductive success in group-living species, and that female kangaroos may experience trade-offs between successfully rearing young and maintaining affiliative relationships.</p>
Determinants of offspring sex in kangaroos: a test of multiple hypotheses
When the fitness costs and benefits of sons and daughters differ, offspring sex ratio manipulation could be an important reproductive tactic. We explored the effects of environment and maternal caring ability on offspring sex to test four adaptive sex ratio modification hypotheses: the Extrinsic Modification (EMH), Carrying Capacity (CCH), Trivers-Willard (TWH) and Cost-of-Reproduction (CRH) hypotheses. The EMH and CCH propose that environmental conditions shape offspring sex ratios, directly or in interaction with maternal condition. The TWH and CRH predict a positive relationship between maternal condition and production of the costlier sex. The TWH predicts that mothers with superior caring ability should produce more of the sex that can provide the greatest fitness returns from additional maternal allocation, and the CRH proposes that females with limited caring ability should reduce fitness costs by producing the cheaper sex. Repeated measures on 83 known-age eastern grey kangaroos, polygynous marsupials with strong sexual dimorphism, revealed that offspring sex ratio was independent of per capita forage, supporting neither the EMH nor CCH, but was dependent on maternal mass, consistent with the TWH and CCH. Our results, however, cannot clearly identify the ultimate cause of the relationship between maternal mass and greater production of sons. One of the three assumptions of the TWH could not be verified, and mothers of sons suffered only marginal additional fitness costs. Sex ratios in higher vertebrates are likely not solely explained by factors dependent on maternal control.
Grey Kangaroo Cranium
Scanned by Adelia Tan at the University of Queensland Sourced from my personal collection :) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Red kangaroo (<i>Macropus rufus</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Red_kangaroo</p>
Forelimb morphology as an adaptation for burrowing in kangaroo rat species (genus Dipodomys) that inhabit different soil substrates
<p>Among burrowing rodents, forelimb morphology frequently shares an intricate relationship with soil substrates. Soils can vary widely in texture and density, leading to differences in friability, which often requires forelimb specializations in digging animals. Kangaroo rat species (genus <em>Dipodomys</em>) dig and occupy underground burrows, a trait which is essential to their survival. Some members of this genus are restricted to particular types of soil substrates that presumably require species-specific forelimb traits. Here we explored the forelimb morphology and soil substrates inhabited by four <em>Dipodomys</em> species, including two range-restricted species (<em>D. compactus </em>and<em> D. elator</em>) and two widely-ranging species (<em>D. merriami </em>and<em> D. ordii</em>) in an effort to explore the variation in soil usage, forelimb skeletal specializations, and the relationship between these traits. We assessed the size and shape traits of preserved specimen forelimb bones using traditional and geometric morphometric techniques and we extracted soil data associated with the collecting locality of each specimen. We expected the four species to differ in their substrate affinities and forelimb morphology. Specifically, we expected species that inhabit dense soil substrates (e.g., clay-rich soils) to display specialized forelimb morphology typified by an elongated scapula and robust humerus, radius, and ulna bones. The four <em>Dipodomys</em> species differed substantially in their soil associations. We also detected significant morphological differences among <em>Dipodomys</em> species in which forelimb traits allowing for greater mechanical digging ability were found in <em>D. elator</em>, a species that inhabits dense clay-rich soils. These findings suggest that <em>Dipodomys</em> species that inhabit dense substrates may require correspondingly specialized forelimb morphology and that these traits may limit the desirable geographic ranges inhabited by these species. This may provide particularly important information when making conservation decisions on behalf of these species given that, unlike other habitat features, soil substrates cannot be easily modified to suit the needs of the organism.</p>
kangaroo
Skullbook is a collaborative project between the School of Archaeology and Anthropology and the Centre for Digital Humanities Research at ANU. This project engages traditional analyses with new technologies. This project will improve access to teaching resources for key skills-based teaching in archaeology, and offer important hands-on training in digital humanities. The digital bone library is a resource for students, educators, museums, and researchers in both Australia and worldwide. Made by [Renee Dixson](https://twitter.com/Renee_Dixson), [Skullbook - Digital Bone Library](http://cdhr.cass.anu.edu.au/research/projects/skullbook-digital-bone-library) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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