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212 results for “landscape changes”
Data from: Solar energy-driven land cover change could alter landscapes critical to animal movement in the continental United States
<p>The United States may produce as much as 45% of its electricity using solar energy technology by 2050, which could require more than 40,000 km<sup>2 </sup>of land to be converted to large-scale solar energy production facilities. Little is known about how such development may impact animal movement. Here, we use five spatially-explicit projections of solar energy development through 2050 to assess the extent to which ground-mounted photovoltaic solar energy expansion in the continental United States may impact land cover and alter areas important for animal movement. Our results suggest that there could be a substantial overlap between solar energy development and land important for animal movement: across projections, 7-17% of total development is expected to occur on land with high value for movement between large protected areas, while 27-33% of total development is expected to occur on land with high value for climate-change-induced migration. We also found substantial variation in the potential overlap of development and land important for movement at the state level. Solar energy development, and the policies that shape it, may align goals for biodiversity and climate change by incorporating the preservation of animal movement as a consideration in the planning process.</p>
Data set for "Local and landscape correlates of coccinellid species richness, abundance, and assemblage change along a rural–urban gradient in Quintana Roo, Mexico."
<p>Data set for original article "Local and landscape correlates of coccinellid species richness, abundance, and assemblage change along a rural–urban gradient in Quintana Roo, Mexico"<strong> </strong>accepted at Biotropica.</p> <p>We studied changes in coccinellid assemblage composition, diversity, species richness and abundance in domestic gardens along a rural to urban gradient in southeastern Mexico, and identified local and lanscape variables that determine their species richness and abundance. </p>
Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change: Supporting data
<p><strong>Input files</strong> and <strong>installers </strong>of the versions of LANDIS-II, PnET-Succession and other extensions used in the associated paper. They can be used to to reproduce results of the study.</p> <p>The model documentation is freely available at <a href="https://www.landis-ii.org/">https://www.landis-ii.org/</a></p> <p>The LANDIS-II code is distributed under an open source license at <a href="https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation">https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation</a>.</p> <p>If interested in using this dataset for a research study or project, please contact <a href="https://www.marco-mina.com">Marco Mina</a></p> <p>---------------------</p> <p>Mina, M., Messier, C., Duveneck, M., Fortin, M. J., & Aquilué, N. (2022) <strong>Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change</strong>. <em>Global Change Biology </em>28, 4323– 4341 <em> </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197</a></p> <p>ABSTRACT. Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios – including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis – and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity – and thus to higher ecological resilience – than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.</p>
Data from: Patterns and drivers of recent land cover change on two trailing-edge forest landscapes
<p>Climate change is altering the distribution of woody plants by influencing demographic processes and modifying disturbance regimes. Trailing-edge forests may be particularly vulnerable to these effects because they exist at warm, dry margins of tree distributions. To better understand recent climate-driven changes in trailing-edge forests, we used Landsat time series and 1,558 field reference plots to develop annual land cover maps from 1985 to 2020 in two large, biodiverse landscapes in central Arizona, USA. We then combined annual land cover maps with tree ring records and spatial data describing interannual climate, terrain, bark beetle (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) activity, wildfire, and harvest to quantify drivers of forest change. Throughout the two landscapes, forest extent declined by 0.3% and 0.8% from 1985 to 2020. However, considerable variation occurred within the study period, with abrupt (ca. 1–2 years) declines in forest extent followed by gradual (ca. 10 years) recovery on each landscape. Pinyon-juniper (<em>Pinus</em> <em>edulis</em>, <em>Pinus</em> <em>monophylla</em>, and/or <em>Juniperus</em> spp.) cover increased from 1985 to ca. 2000 but declined after 2000, a period of extreme drought and regional tree die-off. In contrast, pine-oak (<em>Pinus</em> <em>ponderosa</em> and <em>Quercus</em> spp.) cover increased from 2000 to 2020, primarily due to declines in ponderosa pine and mixed conifer cover over the same period. Wildfire was a key driver of transitions from forest to non-forest cover in our study area, with the occurrence of multiple compounded drought years playing an important role in unburned areas. By driving transitions to alternative forest types or non-forest cover, disturbance and drought will increasingly shape forest dynamics and ecosystem transformations throughout the southwestern US.</p>
Fig. 4 in Long Term (1985-2018) Changes Of The Habitat Suitability Of European Souslik Assessed By Maxent Modelling Based On Landsat Satellite Imagery - A Case Study From A Mountain Landscape Of Central Bulgaria
Fig. 4. Response curves, representing the dependence of predicted suitability both on the
Fig. 1 in Long Term (1985-2018) Changes Of The Habitat Suitability Of European Souslik Assessed By Maxent Modelling Based On Landsat Satellite Imagery - A Case Study From A Mountain Landscape Of Central Bulgaria
Fig. 1. Satellite view of the study area. White circles represent the location of the colonies
Supplementary material: Mammal diversity responses to anthropic, environmental, and seasonal changes within Caatinga seasonal dry forest landscapes
<p>Caatinga's conservation and biodiversity are threatened due to the intensification of anthropic activities and climate change. The mammals have different responses to seasonal and anthropic changes, however particularly in Caatinga, these effects are still poorly understood. We assessed the influence of anthropic (distance from urban areas and wind farms), environmental (distance from water), and seasonal (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index – NDVI and land surface temperature - LST) variables on the number of records and richness of medium and large-sized mammals in Brazilian Caatinga. We used camera traps in 2016/2017 and 2018/2019, estimated the variation (cv) of NDVI and LST, and generated Euclidean distance maps to anthropic and environmental variables at 250, 500, and 1000 m spatial scales. We performed Generalized Linear Models, used the Akaike information criterion, and calculated model averaging to assess the strength and direction of effect and the uncertainties of the winner models, respectively. The distance from wind farms and maximum LST had a noticeable effect on the number of records and total richness. The distance from wind farms had a negative effect on the records of <em>Dicotyles tajacu</em> and a positive effect on the records of <em>Leopardus pardalis</em> and richness. The maximum LST had a negative effect on the records of<em> Leopardus pardalis </em>and a positive<em> </em>effect on the records of <em>Puma concolor </em>and<em> Cerdocyon thous</em>. Our results emphasize that an unsustainable expansion of wind farms is likely to compromise mammal diversity. We found an opposite pattern for some species regarding LST. However, it is important to highlight that the conservation of vegetation areas on the top of mountains and springs, and the installation of artificial water sources are important strategies to mitigate the impacts of high temperatures on mammals' biodiversity in Caatinga.</p>
Changing Outside Areas: North Vancouver Landscaping Projects
<p>Perfectly situated in the heart of British Columbia lies the city of North Vancouver. It blends urban living refinement with the splendor of nature. People adore their outside areas as extensions of their houses when they have views of the mountains and the sea. Here is the meeting point of functionality and tranquilly. North Vancouver Landscaping Services is a developing company that has emerged to enhance and maintain these outdoor areas.</p> <h1>Landscaping North Vancouver: Improving Outdoor Living</h1> <p>Apart from being a gardening company, <a href="https://goo.gl/maps/sYN36xktU7sxjX2p6" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Vancouver Landscaping Installations</strong></a> also designs grounds that highlight the interests and lifestyles of the homeowners while blending in with the surrounding natural beauty. Small suburban yards to enormous estates, these services provide a variety of planning and installation choices to suit your requirements.</p> <p>Imagine meandering walkways in a superbly planned garden that beckon exploration. The vivid blooms would be twirling in the breeze. Carefully selecting and positioning every plant, stone, and feature to create the impression of a real world outside area is how North Vancouver Landscaping Installations does its magic.</p> <p>The will to be sustainable and to protect the environment is at the core of these works. Hardy and able to thrive in the local temperature, native plants are prized since they require less water and maintenance. Furthermore, modern techniques like collecting rainwater and putting up permeable flooring are applied to lessen environmental harm and boost eco-efficiency.</p> <p>North Vancouver Landscaping Installations transforms uninhabited areas into lovely, tranquil retreats. They can produce a chic modern landscape, a colourful floral paradise, or a comfortable patio refuge.</p> <h2>Keeping the Beauty: North Vancouver Property Maintenance</h2> <p>The first impression of North Vancouver's scenery is one of first beauty and excellent maintenance. Keeping these outside spaces in good condition and looking attractive all year round requires the use of property maintenance services in North Vancouver.</p> <p>Regular lawn care to seasonal clean-ups—these services provide a large selection of maintenance choices that may be tailored to each property's requirements. Experts in their trade address the issues brought on by North Vancouver's shifting weather by implementing strategies to withstand harsh winters, scorching summers, and all in between.</p> <p>More is done by <a href="https://www.helpfulhomeservices.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>North Vancouver Property Maintenance</strong></a> services than merely maintaining grounds. They also put out effort to maintain their health and vigor over time. Using integrated pest management techniques lessens the need for dangerous chemicals, while using organic fertilizers strengthens plants and the soil. Through active maintenance, these services prolong the environmental life of outdoor spaces in addition to making them appear better.</p> <p>Owners of North Vancouver homes can rest assured that their outdoor investments are in capable care. Year-round, grounds are kept looking their best by the dependable care and attention to detail provided by property maintenance services.</p> <h2>North Vancouver Garden Renovation: Revitalising Outdoor Living Areas</h2> <p>Every now and then the outside needs to be renewed and updated in line with the seasons and tastes. Utilize North Vancouver Garden Renovation services to give outdated settings a fresh appearance and a professional touch.</p> <p>These services specialize in creating stunning focal pieces that delight and inspire from ancient or little used outdoor areas, whether they are given a complete makeover or a modest upgrade. Working with homeowners, designers carefully assess the existing layout, appearance, and utility to create and execute improvements that go above and beyond what was anticipated.</p> <p>Redesigning garden beds and installing stunning hardscapes to adding new elements like water features and outdoor kitchens, North Vancouver Garden Renovation services bring creativity and expertise to every project. What follows then? Outdoor spaces that excite, renew, and prepare you to fully enjoy.</p> <p>Moreover, these enhancements raise the value and comfort of houses in addition to their aesthetic appeal. Renovations to the yard done well not only improve the appearance of a house from the street but also expand outdoor living areas, which increases its value and facilitates sale.</p>
Data from: Changes of Chinese forest-grassland ecotone in geographical scope and landscape structure from 1990 to 2020
<p>Forest-grassland ecotone (FGE) has essential ecological and economic value. Unfortunately, it is impacted greatly by environmental changes and anthropogenic disturbance, and is considered one of the most severely threatened biomes in China. To protect Chinese FGE, identifying its exact boundary and exploring its landscape structure dynamic are badly needed, especially on nationwide scale at one-year temporal resolution. Here, we mapped the annual FGE distribution of China from 1990 to 2020, investigated its changing trends of area, location and landscape patterns, and revealed the underlying driving factors. Our results showed that FGE area over the 31 years totaled 1,011,870 km2, covering about 10.54% of China's land. The FGE area first increased from 1990 and peaked in 1999, and then kept decreasing until 2020. The FGE gravity center has moved accumulatively 590.15 km over the 31 years, with the net moving distance of 228.76 km southwestward. From 1990 to 2020, forest area increased continuously while grassland and cropland area decreased, but these three landscape types had been dominating the FGE. The increase in forest area was largely converted from grassland. The decline in grassland mainly resulted from its conversion into cropland and forest. Meanwhile, the conversion of cropland to grassland supplemented grassland loss to a certain extent. At landscape level, the total area with decreased fragmentation is larger than that with increased fragmentation. Returning Farmland to Grassland Project and land reclamation were primary drivers for changes of fragmentation in the northern and middle part of the FGE, while temperature and precipitation were primary drivers in southern part. Our results will improve the understanding into the dynamic trends of distribution and pattern of FGE at nationwide scale, and thus help to optimize the designing of ecological projects and protective schemes for FGE as a unique and integral biome.</p>
Data for isolation-by-environment and its consequences for range shifts with global change: Landscape genomics of the invasive common tansy
<p>Invasive species are a growing global economic and ecological problem. However, it is not well understood how environmental factors mediate invasive range expansion. In this study, we investigated the recent and rapid range expansion of common tansy across environmental gradients in Minnesota, U.S.A. We densely sampled individuals across the expanding range and performed reduced representation sequencing to generate a dataset of 3071 polymorphic loci for 176 individuals. The dataset includes additional samples from the native range in Finland that were not used in the downstream analysis but are contributed for completeness. The dataset includes the genotype calls for all individuals sampled and sequenced. The genotype file was generated by stacks2.59 running the denovo pipeline and then using the populations function where we kept loci that were in 70% of populations and had a minor allele frequency of at least 1%. We used non-spatial and spatially-explicit analyses to determine the relative influences of geographic distance and environmental variation on patterns of genomic variation. We found no evidence for isolation-by-distance (IBD) but strong evidence for isolation-by-environment (IBE), indicating that environmental factors may have modulated patterns of range expansion.</p>
Arctic PASSION Online Seminar on "Visualising permafrost landscape change: A new service from the EU Arctic PASSION project"
<p><strong>16 May 2024 at 11 AM GMT</strong></p> <p><strong></strong>In this online seminar, Arctic PASSION is introducing its pan-Arctic requirements-driven Permafrost Service. The Permafrost Service is based on remote sensing analyses, and detection and mapping of permafrost disturbances at high spatial resolution across large regions. The data helps to quantify landscape change, hydrological dynamics and permafrost vulnerability. In order to make the scientific findings easily accessible, we designed a tailored web-based portal specifically targeting non-scientific user communities, stakeholders and rightsholders. With the Arctic Landscape EXplorer (<a href="https://arcticpassion.eu/blog/ALEX">ALEX</a>), we provide interactive maps for recent information on land surface changes, hot spots of disturbances and potential areas of active permafrost thaw and erosion.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Speakers: </strong></p> <p>Tillmann Lübker (Geospatial Data Scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute/Arctic PASSION)</p> <p>Guido Grosse (Head of the Permafrost Research Section at the Alfred Wegener Institute/Arctic PASSION) </p> <p>Moderation: Josefine Lenz (Project Manager at the Alfred Wegener Institute/Arctic PASSION)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Webinar recording: </strong>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XW5b7nk7sBw</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Related links: </strong>https://arcticpassion.eu/blog/ALEX</p>
The ecological memory of fish assemblages in agroecosystems with different history of landscape changes
<p>Here, we presented the data (local, past and response) and R code (models_Zeni et al.) we used to investigate the relationship between past land use changes and instream habitat (explanatory variables) and fish biodiversity patterns (response variables) in streams from different regions in Brazil. </p>
Using landscape genomics to delineate future adaptive potential for climate change in the Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus)
<p>An essential goal in conservation biology is delineating population units that maximize the probability of species persisting into the future and adapting to future environmental change. However, future-facing conservation concerns are often addressed using retrospective patterns that could be irrelevant. We recommend a novel landscape genomics framework for delineating future "Geminate Evolutionary Units" (GEUs) in a focal species: (1) identify loci under environmental selection, (2) model and map adaptive conservation units that may spawn future lineages, (3) forecast relative selection pressures on each future lineage, and (4) estimate their fitness and likelihood of persistence using geo-genomic simulations. Using this process, we delineated conservation units for the Yosemite toad (<em>Anaxyrus</em> <em>canorus</em>), a U.S. federally threatened species that is highly vulnerable to climate change. We used a genome-wide dataset, redundancy analysis, and Bayesian association methods to identify 24 candidate loci responding to climatic selection (R<sup>2</sup> ranging from 0.09–0.52), after controlling for demographic structure. Candidate loci included genes such as MAP3K5, involved in cellular response to environmental change. We then forecasted future genomic response to climate change using the multivariate machine learning algorithm Gradient Forests. Based on all available evidence, we found three GEUs in Yosemite National Park, reflecting contrasting adaptive optima: YF-North (high winter snowpack with moderate summer rainfall), YF-East (low to moderate snowpack with high summer rainfall), and YF-Low-Elevation (low snowpack and rainfall). Simulations under the RCP 8.5 climate change scenario suggest that the species will decline by 29% over 90 years, but the highly diverse YF-East lineage will be least impacted for two reasons: (1) geographically it will be sheltered from the largest climatic selection pressures, (2) its standing genetic diversity will promote a faster adaptive response. Our approach provides a comprehensive strategy for protecting imperiled non-model species with genomic data alone and has wide applicability to other declining species.</p>
Effects of global change on bird and beetle populations in boreal forest landscape: an assemblage dissimilarity analysis
Aim <p>Despite an increasing number of studies highlighting the impacts of climate change on boreal species, the main factors that will drive changes in species assemblages remain ambiguous. We study how species community composition would change following anthropogenic and natural disturbances. We determine the main drivers of assemblage dissimilarity for bird and beetle communities.</p> Location <p>Côte-Nord, Québec, Canada.</p> Methods <p>We quantify two climate-induced pathways based on direct and indirect effects on species occurrence under different harvest management scenarios. The direct climate effects illustrate the impact of climate variables while the indirect effects are reflected through habitat-based climate change. We develop empirical models to predict the distribution of more than 100 species over the next century. We analyze the regional and the latitudinal species assemblage dissimilarity by decomposing it into<em> </em>'balanced variation in species occupancy and occurrence' and 'occupancy and occurrence gradient'. </p> Results <p>Both pathways increased dissimilarity in species assemblage. At the regional scale, both effects have an impact on decreasing the number of winning species. Yet, responses are much larger in magnitude under mixed climate effects (a mixture of direct and indirect effects). Regional assemblage dissimilarity reached 0.77 and 0.69 under mixed effects versus 0.09 and 0.10 under indirect effects for beetles and birds, respectively, between RCP8.5 and baseline climate scenarios when considering harvesting. Latitudinally, assemblage dissimilarity increased following the climate conditions pattern. </p> Main conclusions <p>The two pathways are complementary and alter biodiversity, mainly caused by species turnover. Yet, responses are much larger in magnitude under mixed climate effects. Therefore, the inclusion of climatic variables considers aspects other than just those related to forest landscapes, such as life cycles of animal species. Moreover, we expect differences in occupancy between the two studied taxa. This could indicate the potential range of change in boreal species concerning novel environmental conditions.</p>
Life on the edge: a changing genetic landscape within an iconic American pika metapopulation over the last half century
<p>Declines and extirpations of American pika (<em>Ochotona princeps</em>) populations at historically occupied sites started being documented in the literature during the early 2000s. Commensurate with global climate change, many of these losses at peripheral and lower elevation sites have been associated with changes in ambient air temperature and precipitation regimes. Here, we report on a decline in available genetic resources for an iconic American pika metapopulation, located at the southwestern edge of the species distribution in the Bodie Hills of eastern California, USA. Composed of a highly fragmented habitat created by hard rock mining, the ore dumps at this site were likely colonized by pikas at the end of the 19th century from nearby natural talus outcrops. Genetic data extracted from both contemporary samples and archived natural history collections allowed us to track population and patch-level genetic diversity for Bodie pikas across three distinct sampling points during the last half-century (1948, 1988-1991, 2013-2015). In addition to declines in within-population allelic diversity and expected heterozygosity, we observed an increase in population structure and a reduction in effective population size from more extensive sampling of extant patches during 1988-1991 and 2013-2015, respectively. Furthermore, census records from the last 50 years as well as archived museum samples collected in 1947 from a nearby pika population in the Wassuk range (NV, USA) provide further support for the increasing isolation and genetic coalescence occurring in this region. This study highlights the importance of museum samples and long-term monitoring in contextualizing our understanding of population viability.</p>
Joint species distribution modeling reveals a changing prey landscape for North Pacific right whales on the Bering shelf
<p>The eastern North Pacific right whale (NPRW) is the most endangered population of whale and has been observed north of its core feeding ground in recent years with low sea ice extent. Sea ice and water temperature are important drivers for zooplankton dynamics within the whale's core feeding ground in the southeastern Bering Sea, seasonally forming stable fronts along the shelf that give rise to distinct zooplankton communities. A northward shift in NPRW distribution driven by changing distribution of prey resources could put this species at increased risk of entanglement and vessel strikes. We modeled the abundance of NPRW prey, <em>Calanus glacialis</em>, <em>Neocalanus</em>, and <em>Thysanoessa</em> species, using a dynamic biophysical food web model of nine zooplankton guilds in the Bering shelf zooplankton community during a period of warming (2006–2016). This model is unique from prior zooplankton studies from the region in that it includes density dependence, thereby allowing us to ask whether species interactions influence zooplankton dynamics. Modeling confirmed the importance of sea ice and ocean temperature to zooplankton dynamics in the region. Density-independent growth drove community dynamics while dependent factors were comparatively minimal. Overall, <em>Calanus</em> responded to environmental terms, with the strength and direction of response driven by copepodite stage. <em>Neocalanus</em> and <em>Thysanoessa</em> responses were weaker, likely due to their primary occurrence on the outer shelf. We also modeled the steady-state (equilibrium) abundance of <em>Calanus</em> in conditions with and without wind gusts to test whether advection of outer shelf species might disrupt steady-state dynamics of <em>Calanus</em> abundance; results did not support disruption. Given the annual fall sampling design, we interpret our results as follows: low ice-extent winters induced stronger spring winds and weakened fronts on the shelf, thereby advecting some outer shelf species into the study region; increased development rates in these warm conditions influenced the proportion of <em>C. glacialis</em> copepodite stages over the season. Residual correlation suggests missing drivers, possibly predators and phytoplankton bloom composition. Given the continued loss of sea ice in the region and projected continued warming, our findings suggest that <em>C. glacialis</em> will move northward, and thus, whales may move northward to continue targeting them.</p>
Avian diversity changes in traditional agricultural landscapes of Japan over ten years
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Data from: Changing flight and flocking dynamics of homing pigeons (<em>Columba livia d.</em>) over heterogeneous landscapes
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Life on the edge: a changing genetic landscape within an iconic American pika metapopulation over the last half century
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Using landscape genomics to delineate future adaptive potential for climate change in the Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus)
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.