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221 results for “landscape use”
Measuring plant biomass remotely using drones in arid landscapes
<p>Measurement of variation in plant biomass is essential for answering many ecological and evolutionary questions. Quantitative estimates require plant destruction for laboratory analyses, while field studies use allometric approaches based on simple measurement of plant dimensions. We estimated the biomass of individual shrub-sized plants, using a low cost Unmanned Aerial System (drone), enabling rapid data collection and non-destructive sampling. We compared volume measurement (a surrogate for biomass) and sampling time, from the simple dimension measurements and drone, to accurate laboratory-derived biomass weights. We focused on three Australian plant species which are ecologically important to their floodplain and terrestrial ecosystems: porcupine grass <em>Triodia scariosa, </em>Queensland bluebush<em> Chenopodium auricomum</em> and lignum <em>Duma florulenta</em>.</p> <p>Estimated volume from the drone was more accurate than simple dimension measurements for porcupine grass and Queensland bluebush, compared to estimates from laboratory analyses but, not for lignum. The latter had a sparse canopy, with thin branches, few vestigial leaves and a similar colour to the ground. Data collection and analysis consistently required more time for the drone method than the simple dimension measurements, but this would improve with automation. </p>
Landscape connectivity and genetic structure in a mainstem and a tributary stonefly (Plecoptera) species using a novel reference genome
<p>Abstract Understanding how environmental variation influences population genetic structure can help predict how environmental change influences population connectivity, genetic diversity, and evolutionary potential. We used riverscape genomics modelling to investigate how climatic and habitat variables relate to patterns of genetic variation in two stonefly species, one from mainstem river habitats (Sweltsa coloradensis) and one from tributaries (Sweltsa fidelis) in 40 sites in northwest Montana, USA. We produced a draft genome assembly for S. coloradensis (N50 = 0.251 Mbp, BUSCO &gt; 95% using "insecta_ob9" reference genes). We genotyped 1930 SNPs in 372 individuals for S. coloradensis and 520 SNPs in 153 individuals for S. fidelis. We found higher genetic diversity for S. coloradensis compared to S. fidelis, but nearly identical genetic differentiation among sites within each species (both had global loci median FST = 0.000), despite differences in stream network location. For landscape genomics and testing for selection, we produced a less stringently filtered data set (3454 and 1070 SNPs for S. coloradensis and S. fidelis, respectively). Environmental variables (mean summer precipitation, slope, aspect, mean June stream temperature, land cover type) were correlated with 19 putative adaptive loci for S. coloradensis. but there was only one putative adaptive locus for S. fidelis (correlated with aspect). Interestingly, we also detected potential hybridization between multiple Sweltsa species which has never been previously detected. Studies like ours, that test for adaptive variation in multiple related species are needed to help assess landscape connectivity and the vulnerability of populations and communities to environmental change.</p>
Human land-use effects on mammalian mesopredator occupancy of a northeastern Connecticut landscape
<p>Mammalian mesopredators—mid-sized carnivores—are ecologically, economically and socially important. With their adaptability to a variety of habitats and diets, loss of apex predators and forest regrowth, many of these species are increasing in number throughout the northeastern USA. However, currently the region is seeing extensive landscape alterations, with an increase in residential and industrial development especially at the expense of existing forest and small-scale farmland. We sought to understand how important an existing mosaic of working lands (timberland and farmland) in a forested landscape is to mesopredator species. We did this through studying mesopredator occupancy across three land uses (or habitat types): forest reserve (protected), timber harvest (shelterwood cuts) and field (both crop yielding and fallow) in and around a 3200-ha forest in northeastern Connecticut. We examined coyote (Canis latrans), bobcat (Lynx rufus), fisher (Pekania pennanti), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) occupancy using paired camera traps across juxtaposed reserve, shelterwood and field units from April 2018 to March 2019. We created a priori habitat variable models for each species and season, as well as analyzed the impact of habitat types on each species. Throughout the year bobcats positively associated with foliage height diversity, and had the highest use of shelterwoods and lowest of fields. Land use utilization varied seasonally for coyotes and raccoons, with higher use of fields than reserves and shelterwoods for half the year and no difference between land uses the other half. Both species were not strongly associated with any particular habitat variables. Reserve forest was moderately to highly used by all species for at least half the year, and highly use year-round by fisher. Our findings reveal that a mosaic of intact forest and working lands, timber harvest and agriculture can support mesopredator diversity.</p>
Expanding the microbial biosynthetic landscape using genes with unknown function
<p>Code for during the realization of the MSc Thesis project: Expanding the microbial biosynthetic landscape using genes with unknown function. For a detail description of the project, datasets and code visit the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/carcarmor/master_thesis/tree/main/package/msc_thesis</p>
Sex, landscape diversity and primary productivity shape the seasonal space use of a migratory European raptor
Intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shape the space use of wide-ranging raptors. A large proportion of raptors are migrants that shift their activity ranges between summer and winter habitats, where they encounter different environmental conditions. Analysing the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic drivers on the space use in summer and winter habitats provides crucial insights into the ecology of migratory raptors. Here, we investigated the seasonal space use by 43 red kites (Milvus milvus) tracked by GPS-transmitters across central and south-western Europe over seven years. We compared space use patterns, i.e., activity range sizes and mean daily distances of the birds between summer and winter, and analysed the influence of extrinsic (landscape diversity, primary productivity) and intrinsic factors (sex). Within summer, we investigated the influence of breeding success and sex on activity range sizes. We further analysed differences in habitat availability and habitat selection between seasons. We found that space use was smaller in summers than in winters. When compared to those of males, activity ranges of female red kites were larger in summers and smaller in winters, with shorter mean daily distances in both seasons. Within summer, successfully breeding red kites had smaller activity range sizes in both sexes, but this effect was stronger in females than in males. Regardless of the season, landscape diversity was positively correlated with space use, whereas primary productivity was negatively correlated with it. The habitat use differed between seasons, with agricultural landscapes being less proportionally used in summers than in winters. Overall, we showed that both intrinsic and extrinsic drivers shaped space use in both the seasons, leading to differences in space use patterns and habitat use in migratory raptors between their summer and winter habitats. Our findings underline the importance of consideration of the entire annual cycle of migratory species for conservation management.
Niche overlap between two large herbivores across landscape variability using dietary eDNA metabarcoding: Raw sequences of European bison and red deer – Bialowieza
<p><span>Understanding the trophic ecology of herbivore species is key to assess their environmental requirements and to improve management policies, but measuring their trophic interactions remains challenging. Among the methods available, quantifying the plant composition of a species' diet provides a detailed picture of how species exploit the resources in their environment and their associated niche overlap. Yet, most studies focusing on herbivore trophic ecology ignore the influence that landscape variability may have. Here, we studied how landscape variability influences trophic interactions through niche partitioning. We used eDNA metabarcoding to quantify the diet composition of two large herbivores of the Bialowieza Forest, red deer (<em>Cervus elaphus</em>) and European bison (<em>Bison bonasus</em>, hereafter referred to as bison) to investigate how increasing habitat quality and predation risk in their environment influence their diet composition and niche partitioning. We found red deer to have an overall greater diet variability and lower niche overlap within species compared to bison. Moreover, our findings indicate herbivore interactions are non-homogeneous across the landscape. Higher habitat quality was associated with higher niche overlap only within bison. We also detected an increase in niche overlap with increasing predation risk within red deer, indicating they modify their diet choice as a reaction to wolf predation risk. This study provides evidence of eDNA dietary metabarcoding as a useful tool for wildlife management to assess the status of species in an ecosystem based on known environmental factors. We suggest future studies to integrate the environments' variability when studying trophic ecology of herbivores to capture the whole extent of species interaction in order to improve conservation and management guidelines. </span></p>
Dataset and scripts from: Predicting organismal response to marine heatwaves using dynamic thermal tolerance landscape models
<p>Marine heatwaves (MHWs) can cause thermal stress in marine organisms, experienced as extreme 'pulses' against the gradual trend of anthropogenic warming. When thermal stress exceeds organismal capacity to maintain homeostasis, organism survival becomes time-limited and can result in mass mortality events. Current methods of detecting and categorizing MHWs rely on statistical analysis of historic climatology, and do not consider biological effects as a basis of MHW severity. The reemergence of ectotherm thermal tolerance landscape models provides a physiological framework for assessing the lethal effects of MHWs by accounting for both the magnitude and duration of extreme heat events. Here, we used a simulation approach to understand the effects of a suite of MHW profiles on organism survival probability across 1) three thermal tolerance adaptive strategies, 2) interannual temperature variation, and 3) seasonal timing of MHWs. We identified survival isoclines across MHW magnitude and duration where acute (short duration-high magnitude) and chronic (long duration-low magnitude) events had equivalent lethal effects on marine organisms. While most research attention has focused on chronic MHW events, we show similar lethal effects can be experienced by more common but neglected acute marine heat spikes. Critically, a statistical definition of MHWs does not accurately categorize biological mortality. By letting organism responses define the extremeness of a MHW event, we can build a mechanistic understanding of MHW effects from a physiological basis. Organism responses can then be transferred across scales of ecological organization and better predict marine ecosystem shifts to MHWs. </p>
Data from: Elephant pathway use in a human-dominated landscape
<p>Habitat loss and fragmentation are one of the biggest threats facing wildlife today. Understanding the role of wildlife pathways in connecting resource areas is key to maintain landscape connectivity, reduce the impacts of habitat loss and help address human-wildlife conflict. In this study, we used sign surveys and camera trapping to understand the fine scale movement of elephants moving between a protected area and agricultural zone in the Masai Mara, Kenya. We used Generalised Linear Models to determine factors driving high frequency of pathway use by elephants. Our results showed strong seasonal trends in pathway use, with peaks coinciding with the dry season. However, no correlations between rainfall and pathway use were found. Temporal patterns of pathway use indicate that elephants use risk avoidance strategies by moving between the two areas at times of low human disturbance. Spatial analysis revealed that the most frequently used pathways were closer to farms, saltlicks and forest and those that had a higher percentage of forest cover. Our models also showed a positive relationship between pathway use and the number of elephant crop raiding incidents, highlighting that pathways can play a role in human-elephant conflict. As habitat loss continues, pathways may become more important for linking resources. However, they are also likely to facilitate movement into farmland. The results from this study provide an opportunity for planned management activities to ensure connectivity and to mitigated conflict.</p>
Figure 4 in Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape
Figure 4. Results of integrated coverage-based rarefaction-extrapolation (Chao & Jost, 2012) of butterfly richness between 18 sampled points in a rural landscape in Southern Brazil (confidence interval = 95%). Continuous lines (rarefaction), dotted lines (extrapolation).
Figure 5 in Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape
Figure 5. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), plots representing butterfly assemblages composition measured in distinct types of microhabitats (abandoned edge, road edge, farmland edge and forest interior) in a rural landscape in Southern Brazil. a) Including forest interior sampled sites (Stress = 0.11); b) Excluding forest interior sampled sites (Stress = 0.14). Forest interior butterfly communities are distinct from all edge communities, but all edge habitats support similar butterfly communities despite microhabitat differences (even when interior samples are removed from the data analysis).
Figure 3 in Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape
Figure 3. Results of integrated coverage-based rarefaction-extrapolation (Chao & Jost, 2012) of butterfly richness between microhabitat types in a rural landscape in Southern Brazil (confidence interval = 95%). Continuous lines (rarefaction), dotted lines (extrapolation).
Figure 2 in Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape
Figure 2. Characterization of the sampled microhabitats in a rural landscape in Southern Brazil. (a, b) forest interior; (c, d) abandoned edge; (e, f) farmland edge; (g, h) road edge.
Figure 1 in Use of microhabitats affects butterfly assemblages in a rural landscape
Figure 1. Location of the study area in the Joaçaba Municipality, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. (a) Fragments sampled; (b-c) Distribution of collection points of A, B and C fragments.
Data from dissertation: 'Landscape and Aboveground Biomass Dynamics of Brazilian Savanna using airborne LIDAR and MapBiomas datasets : case study of Rio Vermelho Watershed, Brazil'
<p>This dissertation was submitted to University of Manchester as part of MSc GIS program</p> <p>This repository contains:</p> <p>1) Contains the R language code used in the dissertation (CHM_&_LiDAR_metric.R; Landscape_metric.R; Generalized_Linear_Model.R; Random_Forest_Model.R).</p> <p><br> 2) Canopy Height Model (CHM) and 56 LiDAR metric raster files with a resolution of 1m (CHM_&_LiDAR_metric_2014.zip; CHM_&_LiDAR_metric_2018.zip), the original LiDAR data come from Brazil project supported by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), the US Forest Service, USAID, and the US Department of State.</p> <p><br> 3) AGB raster files with a resolution of 10m (AGB_2014.tif; AGB_2018.tif; AGB_dynamic.tif), field plots used for AGB estimation come from Sabrinado Couto de Miranda from University of Goiás State (UEG), Brazil, and her team.</p> <p><br> 4) Landscape metric interpolation raster file (SHDI.tif; SHEI.tif; AREA_CV.tif; CIRCLE_MN.tif; SHAPE_MN.tif) with a resolution of 10m, land cover map Map come from Biomas team for landscape metric calculation.</p>
Using landscape genomics to delineate future adaptive potential for climate change in the Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus)
<p>An essential goal in conservation biology is delineating population units that maximize the probability of species persisting into the future and adapting to future environmental change. However, future-facing conservation concerns are often addressed using retrospective patterns that could be irrelevant. We recommend a novel landscape genomics framework for delineating future "Geminate Evolutionary Units" (GEUs) in a focal species: (1) identify loci under environmental selection, (2) model and map adaptive conservation units that may spawn future lineages, (3) forecast relative selection pressures on each future lineage, and (4) estimate their fitness and likelihood of persistence using geo-genomic simulations. Using this process, we delineated conservation units for the Yosemite toad (<em>Anaxyrus</em> <em>canorus</em>), a U.S. federally threatened species that is highly vulnerable to climate change. We used a genome-wide dataset, redundancy analysis, and Bayesian association methods to identify 24 candidate loci responding to climatic selection (R<sup>2</sup> ranging from 0.09–0.52), after controlling for demographic structure. Candidate loci included genes such as MAP3K5, involved in cellular response to environmental change. We then forecasted future genomic response to climate change using the multivariate machine learning algorithm Gradient Forests. Based on all available evidence, we found three GEUs in Yosemite National Park, reflecting contrasting adaptive optima: YF-North (high winter snowpack with moderate summer rainfall), YF-East (low to moderate snowpack with high summer rainfall), and YF-Low-Elevation (low snowpack and rainfall). Simulations under the RCP 8.5 climate change scenario suggest that the species will decline by 29% over 90 years, but the highly diverse YF-East lineage will be least impacted for two reasons: (1) geographically it will be sheltered from the largest climatic selection pressures, (2) its standing genetic diversity will promote a faster adaptive response. Our approach provides a comprehensive strategy for protecting imperiled non-model species with genomic data alone and has wide applicability to other declining species.</p>
Antelope space-use and behaviour indicate multi-level responses to varying anthropogenic influences in a highly human-dominated landscape
<p><span></span></p> <p>A primary means of conserving a species or a habitat in a human-dominated landscape is through promoting coexistence with humans while minimizing conflict. For this, we should understand how wildlife are impacted by direct and indirect human activities. Such information is rare from areas with high human densities. To investigate how animals respond to altered ecological conditions in human-dominated landscapes, we focussed on a wild herbivore of conservation concern in Krishnasaar Conservation Area (KrCA) in Nepal. Here, blackbuck, <em>Antilope cervicapra</em>, a generalist grazer, lives in refugia located in a growing human population. We studied the impacts of humans on habitat use and behaviour of blackbuck. We laid 250 x 250 m grid cells in the entire KrCA and carried out indirect sign surveys with three replications for habitat use assessment. We observed herds of blackbuck for 89 hours in different habitat types using scan sampling methods. Our habitat-use survey showed that habitats under intensive human use were hardly used by blackbuck, even when high-quality forage was available. Habitat openness was the major predictor of habitat-use inside the core area, where levels of human activities were low. We also found a positive correlation between habitat use by blackbuck and livestock. Blackbuck were substantially more vigilant when they were in forest than in grassland, again indicating an influence of risk. Overall, blackbuck appear to be sensitive to risk associated with both natural and anthropogenic factors. Our findings have direct implications for managing human-wildlife interactions in this landscape, specifically regarding strategies for livestock grazing in habitats highly used by blackbuck and concerning predictions of how changing land use will impact long-term persistence of blackbuck. Our work suggests that wild herbivores may be able to persist in landscapes with high human densities so long as there are refuges where human activities are relatively low.</p>
Inconsistent responses of carabid beetles and spiders to land-use intensity and landscape complexity in Northwestern Europe
<p>Reconciling biodiversity conservation with agricultural production requires a better understanding of how key ecosystem service providing species respond to agricultural intensification. Carabid beetles and spiders represent two widespread guilds providing biocontrol services. Here we surveyed carabid beetles and spiders in 66 winter wheat fields in four Northwestern European countries and analyzed how the activity density and diversity of carabid beetles and spiders were related to crop yield (proxy for land-use intensity), percentage cropland (proxy for landscape complexity) and soil organic carbon content, and whether these patterns differed between dominant and non-dominant species. Less than 17% of carabid or spider species were classified as dominant, which accounted for more than 90% of individuals respectively. We found that carabids and spiders were generally related to different aspects of agricultural intensification. Carabid species richness was positively related with crop yield and evenness was negatively related to crop cover. The activity density of non-dominant carabids was positively related with soil organic carbon content. Meanwhile, spider species richness and non-dominant spider species richness and activity density were all negatively related to percentage cropland. Our results show that practices targeted to enhance one functionally important guild may not promote another key guild, which helps explain why conservation measures to enhance natural enemies generally do not ultimately enhance pest regulation. Dominant and non-dominant species of both guilds showed mostly similar responses suggesting that management practices to enhance service provisioning by a certain guild can also enhance the overall diversity of that particular guild.</p>
Data from: The contributions of flower strips to wild bee conservation in agricultural landscapes can be predicted using pollinator habitat suitability models
<p>Sowing flower strips along field edges is a widely adopted method for conserving pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes. To maximize the effect of flower strips given limited resources, we need spatially explicit tools that can prioritize their placement, and for identifying plant species to include in seed mixtures.</p> <p>We sampled bees and plant species as well as their interactions in a semi-controlled field experiment with roadside/field edge pairs with/without a sown flower strip at 31 sites in Norway and used a regional spatial model of solitary bee species richness to test if the effect of flower strips on bee species richness was predictable from the modelled solitary bee species richness.</p> <p>We found that sites with flower strips were more bee species rich compared to sites without flower strips and that this effect was greatest in areas that the regional solitary bee species richness model had identified to be particularly important for bees. Spatial models revealed that even within small landscapes there were pronounced differences between field edges in the predicted effect of sowing flower strips.</p> <p>Of the plant species that attracted the most bee species, the majority mainly attracted bumblebees and only few species also attracted solitary bees. Considering both the taxonomic diversity of bees and the species richness of bees attracted by plants we suggest that seed mixes containing <em>Hieracium </em>spp. such as <em>Hieracium umbellatum </em>and <em>Pilosella officinarum</em>; <em>Taraxacum</em> spp; <em>Trifolium repens</em>;<em> Lotus corniculatus</em>; S<em>tellaria graminea</em>; and <em>Achillea millefolium</em> would provide resources for diverse bee communities in our region.</p> <p>Spatial prediction models of bee diversity can be used to identify locations where flower strips are likely to have the largest effect and can thereby provide managers with an important tool for prioritizing how funding for agri-environmental schemes such as flower strips should be allocated. Such flower strips should contain plant species that are attractive to both solitary and bumblebees, and do not need to be particularly plant species rich as long as the selected plants complement each other.</p>
The data used for the paper "Adapting a multiscale approach to assess the compositional diversity of landscapes" (Landscape Ecology)
<p>The data consists of a single SimpleFeatures (sf) object with 267,813 rows, i.e. hexagons covering Hungary, and 89 variables. The following variables are contained by the data (Table 1.).</p> <table> <caption>Table 1. Main attributes of the variables. For explanation of the vegetation type codes implied in the table by "XX", see the Supplementary Material S2 of Konrád et al. 2023.</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Variable</th> <th scope="col">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>id</td> <td>unique id of hexagons</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bakony</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Bakony</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Baranya</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Baranya Hills</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ExternalSomogy</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape External Somogy</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HunGreatPlain</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Hungarian Great Plain</td> </tr> <tr> <td>KorosMarosInterfluve</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Körös-Maros Interfluve</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mezofold</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Mezőföld & Velence Hills</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NorthernHunMountains</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Northern Hungarian Mountains</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Orseg</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Őrség</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SouthernBukk</td> <td>logical mask for subsetting the landscape Southern Bükk</td> </tr> <tr> <td>binarized_potential_XX</td> <td>binarized potential vegetation data of the XX vegetation type</td> </tr> <tr> <td>binarized_actual_XX</td> <td> <p>binarized potential vegetation data of the XX vegetation type</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>References</strong><br> Konrád KD, Bede-Fazekas Á, Bartha S, Somodi I (2023) Adapting a multiscale approach to assess the compositional diversity of landscapes. <em>Landscape Ecology.</em></p> <p> </p>
Data for: Beyond Protected Areas: The importance of mixed-use landscapes for the conservation of Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus)
<p>Elephants were once widely distributed across the Indonesian island of Sumatra but now exist in small, isolated populations. Using the best data currently available on elephant occurrence, we mapped suitable habitat for elephants on Sumatra (<em>Elephas maximus sumatranus</em>). We used direct sightings and indirect observations of elephant signs, as well as six remotely-sensed proxies of surface ruggedness, vegetation productivity and structure, and human land use and disturbance, to model habitat suitability in a Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment. We validated the habitat suitability prediction using an independent geolocation dataset collected from global positioning system (GPS) collars fitted on elephants, and also assessed the functional connectivity between known elephant population ranges by deriving a resistance surface for Circuitscape from this prediction. Thirty-two percent (135,646 km<sup>2</sup>) of Sumatra's land area was predicted to be suitable habitat, with 43 patches of suitable habitat located across Sumatra. Areas with high connectivity were concentrated in the Riau and North Sumatra provinces. Though our analysis highlights the need to improve the quality of data collected on Sumatran elephants, it suggests that more suitable habitat remains on Sumatra than is used by known populations. Targeted habitat conservation, especially of the suitable habitat in and by the Lamno, Balai Raja, Tesso Tenggara, Tesso Utara, Bukit Tigapuluh, Seblat, Padang Sugihan, and Bukit Barisan Selatan ranges, may improve the long-term viability of the critically endangered species.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.