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Fig. 18. Oligocene Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A, B in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 18. Oligocene Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A, B. Heterostegina sp. (Heterostegina assilinoides Blanckenhorn, 1890 emend. Henson, 1937 in Less 1991), middle Chattian, SBZ 22B/23, Csókás 4 (NE Hungary), A−form, equatorial sections, (A) MÁFI O. 413, (B) MÁFI O. 416. C. Heterostegina aff. 1 assilinoides Blanckenhorn, 1890 emend. Henson, 1937, Rupelian/Chattian boundary, SBZ 22A/B, A−form, equatorial section, Dazklrl A 7 (SW Turkey), ITU O/DAZ.A7−9. D–G. Heterostegina assilinoides Blanckenhorn, 1890 emend. Henson, 1937, early Chattian, SBZ 22B, A−form, equatorial sections. D. Klzllcaaǧaç (Bey Daǧlarl, SW Turkey), ITU O/KIZ.4−23. E, F. Ramleh (Israel), (E) MÁFI O. 08.1, (F) MÁFI O. 08.2. G. Kelereşdere (E Turkey), ITU O/KEL.19−31.

Fig. 15. Priabonian Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A–C in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 15. Priabonian Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A–C. Heterostegina reticulata mossanensis ssp. nov., earliest Priabonian, SBZ 19 A. A. Verona (N Italy), Castel San Felice, hairpin bend: MÁFI E. 9565, A−form, equatorial section. B, C: Mossano 7 (N Italy), A−form, equatorial sections, MÁFI E. 9566 (B), MÁFI E. 9567 (C). D–K. Heterostegina reticulata italica Herb, 1978. D, H. Mossano 8 (N Italy), late early Priabonian, SBZ 19 B, A−form, equatorial sections, MÁFI E. 9568 (D), MÁFI E. 9569 (H). E–G, I. Noszvaj (Hungary), "middle" Priabonian, SBZ 19/20. E–G. A−form, equatorial sections, MÁFI E. 9570 (E), MÁFI E. 9571 (F), MÁFI E. 9494 (G). I. MÁFI E. 9572, external view. J, K. Possagno 1 (NE Italy), late Priabonian, Ą

Fig. 10 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 10. Distribution of the Eocene heterosteginid populations (mean values at the 95.44% confidence level) on the P–X (proloculus diameter versus number of undivided post−embryonic chambers) bivariate plot (X is on logarithmic scale)

Fig. 17 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 17. Distribution of latest Bartonian, Priabonian and Oligocene heterosteginid populations (mean values at the 95.44% confidence level) on the P–X (proloculus diameter versus number of undivided post−embryonic chambers) bivariate plot (X is on logarithmic scale).

Fig. 9 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 9. Distribution of the Eocene heterosteginid populations (mean values at the 95.44% confidence level) on the S–X (density of chamberlets in chamber 14 versus number of undivided post−embryonic chambers) bivariate plot (both scales are logarithmic).

Fig. 8 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 8. Distribution of heterosteginid specimens from sample Keçili 11 on the P–X (proloculus diameter versus number of undivided post−embryonic chambers) bivariate plot (X is on logarithmic scale). Solid circles, Heterostegina armenica; open circles, H. reticulata.

Fig. 6 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 6. The evolution of Heterostegina reticulata in the Mossano section (drawn after Papazzoni and Sirotti 1993) as reflected in the mean values (±2 s.e.) of three different parameters.

Fig. 7 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 7. Distribution of heterosteginid specimens from sample Possagno 1 on the P–S (proloculus diameter versus density of chamberlets in chamber 14) bivariate plot. Solid circles, Heterostegina reticulata; open circles, H. gracilis.

Fig. 4 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 4. The type locality of Heterostegina reticulata near the chalet Oberbergli (Switzerland). The uppermost Hohgant Sandstone includes here the transitional bed called Discocyclina Limestone. Photo: R. Stockar in 2005.

Fig. 14. Latest Bartonian and early Priabonian Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A–F in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 14. Latest Bartonian and early Priabonian Heterostegina from different Western Tethyan localities. A–F. Heterostegina reticulata reticulata Rütimeyer, 1850, latest Bartonian, SBZ 18 C. A–E. Mossano 3 (N Italy), equatorial sections, MÁFI E. 9549, A−form (A), MÁFI E. 9550, A−form (B), MÁFI E. 9551, A−form (C), MÁFI E. 9552, B−form (D), MÁFI E. 9553, A−form (E). F. Vedi (Armenia), MÁFI E. 9554, A−form, equatorial section. G–R. Heterostegina reticulata mossanensis ssp. nov., earliest Priabonian, SBZ 19 A. G–J. Mossano 6, equatorial sections, holotype, MÁFI E. 9555, A−form (G), paratype, MÁFI E. 9556, A−form (H), paratype, MÁFI E. 9557, A−form (I), paratype, MÁFI E. 9558 (J), B−form. K–M. Úrhida 10 (Hungary), Ą

Fig. 5 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 5. Normal fault at the road from Mossano to Monte Stria just before the junction with the cross−road to Olivari. Marne di Priabona in the left, Calcari nummulitici in the right side. Photo: C.A. Papazzoni in 1989.

Fig. 2 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 2. The measurement system in the equatorial section of megalospheric Heterostegina (see also text). Pre−heterosteginid chambers (X) are marked by solid circles, secondary chamberlets in chamber 14 (S) by asterisks.

Fig. 3. Locality maps. A in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 3. Locality maps. A. Geographical position of the samples studied. B. Detailed location of the Mossano samples (Italy) drawn after Papazzoni and Sirotti (1993). C. Detailed location of samples from Verona, Castel San Felice (Italy). D. Detailed location of the Úrhida samples (Hungary). E. Detailed location of the Şarköy samples (Turkey).

Fig. 16 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 16. Distribution of the latest Bartonian, Priabonian and Oligocene heterosteginid populations (mean values at the 95.44% confidence level) on the S–X (density of chamberlets in chamber 14 versus number of undivided post−embryonic chambers) bivariate plot (both scales are logarithmic).

Fig. 1 in The middle to late Eocene evolution of nummulitid foraminifer Heterostegina in the Western Tethys

Fig. 1. Terminology for external features of Heterostegina: Heterostegina gracilis (A) and Heterostegina armenica (B).

FIGURE 6 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 6. Teeth of Sinclairella dakotensis from Sioux County, Nebraska. 1, right M1 (UMPC 14860); 2, right M3 (UMPC 14864); 3, left P4 (SDSM 10392); 4, left M1 (UMPC 13937); 5, left M2 (UMPC 14862); 6, right M3 (UMPC 14863) (reversed); 7, left p2 (SDSM 10244) (reversed); 8, right m1 (UMPC 14861); 9, left m2 (UMPC 14866) (reversed); 10, left m3 (SDSM 10245) (reversed); 11, right m1 (UMPC 13938) and 12, left m2 (UMPC 13869). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Divisions in scale are approximately 1 mm.

FIGURE 3. Apatemyid first molars from Raben Ranch. 1 and 2, right m1s in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 3. Apatemyid first molars from Raben Ranch. 1 and 2, right m1s of Sinclairella dakotensis (SDSM 10241) and 3, right m1 of Apatemys sp. (SDSM 10242). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Scale is approximately 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 4. Plot of apatemyid M2 width x length. Circles indicate Sinclairella dakotensis specimens. Squares indicate Apatemys specimens. The open square indicates the Whitehead Creek specimen described in this study. Data for AMNH 56046 and YPM 15284 are from West and Atkins (1970). Data for (RSM) P2374.006 are from Meyer (2007). Sinclairella data come from Clemens (1964), Cavin and Samuels (2012), and this study.

FIGURE 5 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 5. Plot of natural log width x length of M2, open symbols above diagonal, and m1, solid symbols below diagonal from different apatemyid species, the M2 from Whitehead Creek (UMPC 14190), and the m1 from Raben Ranch (SDSM 10242). Note the compatible size relationship between the specimens from the Chadronian of Sioux County, Nebraska (circles). Data are compiled from the following sources: Apatemys chardini (Gingerich, 1982; Ma, 1998), A. bellulus (Gazin, 1958; Ma, 1998), A. bellus (Gazin, 1958; West, 1973; Ma, 1998), Sinclairella dakotensis (Clemens, 1964; Ostrander, 1987; Cavin and Samuels, 2012; this study).

FIGURE 2. Apatemys specimens from the Whitehead Creek locality. 1, left M2 in Apatemyids (Mammalia, Apatotheria) from the middle Chadronian (late Eocene) of Sioux County, Nebraska, US

FIGURE 2. Apatemys specimens from the Whitehead Creek locality. 1, left M2 (UMPC 14190) and 2, left M3 (UMPC 14191). Teeth are shown in occlusal view. Scale is approximately 1 mm.