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FIGURE 13 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India

FIGURE 13. The COI neighbor-joining consensus tree showing relation of Indian specimens of Phyllonorycter populifoliella to those originating from other countries/regions in the Palearctic. Each specimen is identified by its process ID code, species name, accession number (BOLD and/or GenBank), and the country of origin (the region is indicated for India and Russia only). Branch lengths reflect the proportion to the number of substitutions per site. The bootstrap values ±70 are shown. The specimen from Russia indicated in red is the nearest neighbor to the Indian cluster.

FIGURES 5–12 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India

FIGURES 5–12. Damage symptoms and biology of Phyllonorycter populifoliella in Leh, India. (5) view to Leh city with poplar stands; (6–7) numerous mines on poplar leaves; (8) mines on the under side of the leaf; (9) same leaf, upper side view; (10) opened mine with a larva and frass inside; (11) young pupa; (12) matured pupa (before adult emergence).

FIGURES 1–4 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India

FIGURES 1–4. Phyllonorycter populifoliella from Leh, India. (1) adult (a male); (2) male genitalia; (3) phallus; (4) female genitalia. An arrow indicates cephalic margin of vinculum. Scale bars: Figs 1 (2 mm), 2–3 (200 µm), 4 (500 µm).

FIGURES S1–S6 in First report of the poplar leaf miner, Phyllonorycter populifoliella (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from India

FIGURES S1–S6. Typical mines of the poplar-feeding Phyllonorycter species, Siberia, Russia. (S1) Ph. connexella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 12.vii.2016, the Republic of Khakassia; (S2) Ph. pastorella on Salix sp., 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S3) same species on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca × Aigeiros), 23.vii.2015, Novosibirskaya Oblast; (S4) Ph. populifoliella on Populus sp. (section Tacamahaca), 21.vi.2009, Krasnoyarskiy Krai; (S5) Ph. apparella on Populus tremula L., 08.viii.2008, Altaiskiy Krai; (S6) Ph. comparella on P. alba L., 23.vii.2015, Krasnoyarskiy Krai. Scale bar: 10 mm. Original photographs.

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Data from: Phylogeographic pattern of the plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani (STAUDINGER, 1870) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Europe

Background: The plane leaf miner, Phyllonorycter platani is a widely distributed insect species on plane trees and has a well-documented colonisation history in Europe over the last century. However, phylogeographic data of the species are lacking. Results: We analysed 284 individuals from 38 populations across Europe, Asia, and North America. A 1242bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene and an 893bp fragment of the 28S rDNA has been Sanger sequenced. Twenty-four haplotypes were detected on the COI gene, and two alleles were identified on the 28S rDNA. We revealed two distinct clades for both markers reflecting the geographic origins, Asia and Europe. The genetic distance between the two main clades is 2.08% on the COI gene and 0.10% on the nuclear DNA. An overlapping zone of the two clades was found across Eastern Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula. We detected heterozygote individuals of the 28S rDNA gene in Moldavia, Ukraine and in the southern part of Turkey. These suggest that the two clades can hybridise. Furthermore, the presence of European type homozygote individuals has been confirmed in the southern part of Turkey as well. Conclusions: We have shown that both post-glacial recolonization and recent expansion events influenced the present genetic structure of P. platani. The genetic patterns revealed at least two refugia during the last ice age: one in the Balkan Peninsula and the other in the Caucasus region. Recent expansion was detected in some European and Central Asian populations. The two main clades (Europe/Asia) show definite genetic differences; however, several hybrid individuals were found in the overlapping zone as well (stretching over Eastern Europe and the Anatolian Peninsula). Discrepancies in mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate introgressions in the southern part of the Anatolian Peninsula.

FIGURES 27–31 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 27–31. Octuroplata walkeri (Baly, 1865). Larva: 27, head (ventral); 28, 29, mandible (ventral, dorsal); 30, apex of maxilla and labium (dorsal), 31, maxilla and labium (ventral). Bars = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 22–26 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 22–26 Octuroplata walkeri (Baly, 1865). Larva: 22, head (dorsal); 23, clypeus and labrum; 24, epipharynx; 25, 26, antenna (dorsal, ventral). Bars = 0.5 mm, except fig. 22, 2.0 mm.

FIGURES 16–21 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 16–21, Octuroplata walkeri (Baly, 1865). Larva: 16, dorsal; 17, 18, spiracle (thoracic, abdominal); 19, 20, prothoracic leg (anterior and posterior view); 21, apex of abdomen (ventral). Figs 19, 20, to same scale. Bars = 0.5 mm, except fig. 16, 1.0 mm and fig.21, 2.0 mm.

FIGURES 11–15 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 11–15. Sceloenopla pretiosa (Baly, 1858). Larva: 11, maxilla and labium (ventral); 12, head (ventral); 13, apex of maxilla (dorsal); 14, 15, mandible (dorsal, ventral). Bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 6–10 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 6–10, Sceloenopla pretiosa (Baly, 1858). Larva: 6, clypeus and labrum; 7, head (dorsal); 8, 9, antenna (ventral, dorsal); 10, epipharynx. Figs 6, 10, to same scale. Bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURES 1–5 in Description of two leafminer larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

FIGURES 1–5, Sceloenopla pretiosa (Baly, 1858). Larva: 1, ventral; 2, dorsal; 3, metathoracic leg; 4, thoracic spiracle; 5, apex of abdomen (dorsal). Figs 1, 2 to same scale. Bars = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 40 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURE 40. The occurrence of Phyllonorycter mespilella (red dots) and P. trifasciella (blue dots) in the Canary Islands.

FIGURE 38–39. Archive references. 38 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURE 38–39. Archive references. 38, the citation and the illustration of Tinea mespilella Hübner, 1805 from Hübner, J. 1796–1838. Sammlung europäischer Schmetterlinge. Achte Horde. Tineae Die Schaben; nach der Natur geordnet, beschrieben und vorgestellt: pl. 39, fig. 272. 39a, the title page of the list of specimens bearing Haworth's labels in the Thomas Henry Allis collection. 39b, the list, indicating that the type specimen of P. trifasciella was examined by Mr. Raymond Uffen.

FIGURES 31–33 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURES 31–33. The neotype of Phyllonorycter mespilella. 31, male, Germany, Württemberg, iv.[19]69. Scale bar 1 mm. 32, the collecting and the male genitalia preparation labels of the neotype of Phyllonorycter mespilella. 33, the male genitalia of the neotype of Phyllonorycter mespilella, gen. prep. Triberti 3175♂. Scale bar 200 µm.

FIGURES 34–37. Phyllonorycter trifasciella, adult. 34 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURES 34–37. Phyllonorycter trifasciella, adult. 34, male, Canary Islands, Tenerife, 30.xii.1982. Scale bar 1 mm. 35, male genitalia, gen. prep. De Prins 3806♂. 36, same preparation, aedoeagus. Scale bar 200 µm. 37, the lectotype of Phyllonorycter trifasciella, female, specimen No YORYM 2012.749, in the collection of the Yorkshire Museum and Gardens.

FIGURES 25–30 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURES 25–30. The biotope and leaf mines of Phyllonorycter mespilella on Malus domestica Borkh., Canary Islands, La Palma, 31.x.2007. 25, mine, adaxial view. 26, mine abaxial view. 27, mine of the third instar larva, parenchymal tissue is consumed in spots, adaxial view. 28, pupa protrudes the mine before the emergence of the adult, abaxial view. 29, the biotope of Phyllonorycter mespilella in the Canary Islands, La Palma, 31.x. 2007. 30, Malus domestica Borkh, the host plant of Phyllonorycter mespilella in the Canary Islands, La Palma.

FIGURES 19–24. Phyllonorycter mespilella, pupa. 19 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURES 19–24. Phyllonorycter mespilella, pupa. 19, same as Fig.17, detail 2. Arrows indicate dorsal, latero-dorsal and lateral setae on A2. 20, segments A7–8 with two pairs of setae, lateral view. 21, cremaster, dorsal view. 22, cremaster, lateral view. 23, cremaster, ventral view. 24, cremaster, caudal view. Scale bar as indicated.

FIGURES 13–18. Phyllonorycter mespilella, pupa. 13 in Taxonomic history and invasion biology of two Phyllonorycter leaf miners (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) with links to taxonomic and molecular datasets

FIGURES 13–18. Phyllonorycter mespilella, pupa. 13, cocoon cutter, lateral view. 14, pupa, segments A5–10, lateral view. 15, abdominal segments, lateral view. 16, minute spines on caudal segments. 17, overview with mapped details of setation. 18, same, detail 1. Arrows indicate dorsal and latero-dorsal setae on TIII. Scale bar as indicated.

FIGURE 47 in Description of new species of oak leaf-miners (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), with notes on the species groups of Stigmella Schrank associated with Quercus as a host-plant

FIGURE 47. Dichotomies that usually help separate some species groups from all others groups of Quercus-feeding Stigmella on a basis of a single character (* females of the cornuta group are unknown).