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100 results for “legacy effects”
Dataset for: Exploring the legacy effect of biochar application on soil nitrous oxide emissions
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Data from: Legacy effects of flooding duration on growth and reproductive traits of Carex cinerascens Kük. in the Poyang Lake wetland
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Data from: Local soil legacy effects in a multi-species grassland community are underlain by root foraging and soil nutrient availability
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Climatic forcing and individual heterogeneity in a resident mountain bird: legacy data reveal effects on reproductive strategies
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Legacy effects of seed dispersal mechanisms shape the spatial interaction network of plant species in Mediterranean forests
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Data from: Water level drawdown induces a legacy effect on the seed bank and retains sediment chemistry in a eutrophic clay wetland
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Legacy effects of anthropogenic disturbances modulate dynamics in the world’s coral reefs
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Effect of soil carbon amendments in reversing the legacy effect of plant invasion
<p>1. Invasive plant species are key drivers of global environmental changes leading to the disruption of ecosystems they invade. Many invasive species engage in novel niche construction through plant-soil feedbacks facilitated by the input of secondary compounds, which help their further spread and survival. These compounds can persist in soil even after the removal of the invader thus creating a legacy effect that inhibits the return of native flora and fauna. Thus, formulating active intervention strategies that can reverse niche construction is critical for the restoration of these invaded ecosystems.</p> <p>2. We hypothesized that the management practices that can reverse the soil carbon and nutrient cycling in invaded ecosystems can facilitate the rapid restoration of the invaded sites. We predicted that adding soil C amendments such as activated carbon and biochar can alter the microbial functional activity and nutrient cycling leading to the restoration of invaded habitats. We tested this hypothesis in an old-field in Massachusetts that has been invaded by Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) for >20 years.</p> <p>3. After two years of treatment application, the activated carbon and biochar amended plots had 80% more biomass of the prairie species than the control plots. The C amendments also altered soil nutrient cycling and fungal biomass and enzyme activity compared to the control plots. The nitrate content of C amended plots was 5 times higher than the non-amended control plots indicating an increased nitrogen mineralization in C amended plots potentially due to the sorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon and biochar that makes them unavailable. This was further supported by the increased phenol oxidase activity which might have been less inhibited by tannins and led to increased organic matter decomposition.</p> <p>4. Synthesis and conclusions: Our results thus reveal the potential of soil C amendments in reversing niche construction and legacy effects of polyphenol-rich invasive species and indicate that biochar could be a more economically feasible alternative to activated carbon in restoring invaded ecosystems. Our results also emphasize that understanding the mechanism through which invasive species engage in niche construction is vital in formulating suitable knowledge-based restoration practices for invaded ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Plant community composition steers grassland vegetation via soil legacy effects
<p>Soil legacy effects are commonly highlighted as drivers of plant community dynamics and species co-existence. However, experimental evidence for soil legacy effects of conditioning plant communities on responding plant communities under natural conditions is lacking. We conditioned 192 grassland plots using six different plant communities with different ratios of grasses and forbs and for different durations. Soil microbial legacies were evident for soil fungi, but not for soil bacteria, while soil abiotic parameters did not significantly change in response to conditioning. The soil legacies affected the composition of the succeeding vegetation. Plant communities with different ratios of grasses and forbs left soil legacies that negatively affected succeeding plants of the same functional type. We conclude that fungal-mediated soil legacy effects play a significant role in vegetation assembly of natural plant communities.</p>
Data from: The effect of historical legacy on adaptation: do closely related species respond to the environment in the same way?
The many documented examples of parallel and convergent evolution in similar environments are strong evidence for the role of natural selection in the evolution of trait variation. However, species may respond to selection in different ways; idiosyncrasies of their evolutionary history may affect how different species respond to the same selective pressure. To determine whether evolutionary history affects trait-environment associations in a recently diverged lineage, we investigated within-species trait-environment associations in the white proteas, a closely related monophyletic group. We first used MANOVAs to determine the relative importance of shared response to selection, evolutionary history, and unique responses to selection on trait variation. We found that on average, similar associations to the environment across species explained trait variation, but that the species had different mean trait values. We also detected species-specific associations of traits to the environmental gradients. To identify the traits associated uniquely to the environment we used a structural equation model. Our analysis showed that the species differed in how their traits were associated with each of the environmental variables. Further, in the cases of two root traits (root mass and root length:mass ratio), two species differed in the direction of their associations (e.g. populations in one species had heavier roots in warmer areas, and populations in the other species had lighter roots in warmer areas). Our study shows that even in a closely related group of species, evolutionary history may have an effect on both the size and direction of adaptations to the environment.
Data from: Defoliation of a grass by reindeer is compensated by the positive effects of its soil legacy, dung deposition, and moss removal
Herbivory is one of the key drivers shaping plant community dynamics. Herbivores can strongly influence plant productivity directly through defoliation and the return of nutrients in the form of dung and urine, but also indirectly by reducing the abundance of neighbouring plants and inducing changes in soil processes. However, the relative importance of these processes is poorly understood. We, therefore, established a common garden experiment to study plant responses to defoliation, dung addition, moss cover, and the soil legacy of reindeer grazing. We used an arctic tundra grazed by reindeer as our study system, and Festuca ovina, a common grazing-tolerant grass species as the model species. The soil legacy of reindeer grazing had the strongest effect on plants, and resulted in higher growth in soils originating from previously heavily-grazed sites. Defoliation also had a strong effect and reduced shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake. Plants did not fully compensate for the tissue lost due to defoliation, even when nutrient availability was high. In contrast, defoliation enhanced plant nitrogen concentrations. Dung addition increased plant production, nitrogen concentrations and nutrient uptake, although the effect was fairly small. Mosses also had a positive effect on aboveground plant production as long as the plants were not defoliated. The presence of a thick moss layer reduced plant growth following defoliation. This study demonstrates that grasses, even though they suffer from defoliation, can tolerate high densities of herbivores when all aspects of herbivores on ecosystems are taken into account. Our results further show that the positive effect of herbivores on plant growth via changes in soil properties is essential for plants to cope with a high grazing pressure. The strong effect of the soil legacy of reindeer grazing reveals that herbivores can have long-lasting effects on plant productivity and ecosystem functioning after grazing has ceased.
Data from: Short-term climate change manipulation effects do not scale up to long-term legacies: effects of an absent snow cover on boreal forest plants
1. Despite time lags and non-linearity in ecological processes, the majority of our knowledge about ecosystem responses to long-term changes in climate originates from relatively short-term experiments. 2. We utilized the longest ongoing snow removal experiment in the world and an additional set of new plots at the same location in northern Sweden to simultaneously measure the effects of long-term (11 winters) and short-term (1 winter) absence of snow cover on boreal forest understorey plants, including effects on root growth and phenology. 3. Short-term absence of snow reduced vascular plant cover in the understorey by 42%, reduced fine root biomass by 16%, reduced shoot growth by up to 53%, and induced tissue damage on two common dwarf shrubs. In the long-term manipulation, more substantial effects on understorey plant cover (92% reduced) and standing fine root biomass (39% reduced) were observed, whereas other response parameters, such as tissue damage, were observed less. Fine root growth was generally reduced, and its initiation delayed by c. 3 (short-term) to 6 weeks (long-term manipulation). 4. Synthesis We show that one extreme winter with a reduced snow cover can already induce ecologically significant alterations. We also show that long-term changes were smaller than suggested by an extrapolation of short-term manipulation results (using a constant proportional decline). In addition, some of those negative responses, such as frost damage and shoot growth, were even absolutely stronger in the short-term compared to the long-term manipulation. This suggests adaptation or survival of only those individuals that are able to cope with these extreme winter conditions, and that the short-term manipulation alone would over-predict long-term impacts. These results highlight both the ecological importance of snow cover in this boreal forest, and the value of combining short- and long-term experiments side by side in climate change research.
Data from: Animals alter precipitation legacies: trophic and ecosystem engineering effects on plant community temporal dynamics
1. Multi-year precipitation 'legacies' can have stronger effects on plant community composition than rainfall in the current growing season, but variation in the magnitude of these effects is not fully understood. Direct interactions between plants and animals, such as herbivory, and indirect interactions, such as ecosystem engineering (via changes in the physical environment), may influence precipitation legacies by altering mechanisms of lagged effects. However, the role of direct and indirect plant-animal interactions in determining the strength of precipitation legacies remains largely unexplored. 2. Here, we investigated effects of current growing season rainfall and precipitation legacies on grassland composition, and the influence of herbivory and ecosystem engineering interactions on these temporal dynamics. From 2009 to 2014, a period spanning high and low rainfall, we recorded plant cover in kangaroo rat exclosures and paired control plots that included both burrow and inter-burrow areas. We used linear mixed effects modeling and analysis of community dissimilarities to evaluate plant composition responses to current and previous growing season rainfall and kangaroo rat herbivory (presence of seed foraging) and ecosystem engineering (burrowing). 3. We found that community composition was more strongly affected by precipitation legacies than by current growing season rainfall. Greater precipitation in the previous growing season enhanced grass cover and reduced forb and legume cover. Kangaroo rat trophic and engineering interactions had counteracting effects on these legacies. While burrowing increased grass cover and thereby amplified the effects of previous growing season rainfall on community composition, legacies were suppressed by the presence of kangaroo rat foraging, which decreased grass cover. Further analysis revealed that kangaroo rat foraging and burrowing had conflicting effects on residual plant biomass prior to the growing season, suggesting that precipitation legacies were influenced by altered litter dynamics. 4. Synthesis. Our study demonstrates that animals can impact the strength of precipitation legacies through direct and indirect interactions with the plant species that drive lag effects. The influence of multiple types of plant-animal interactions on precipitation legacies may be important to consider for ecosystem management and when generating predictions of community composition and productivity in future ecosystems.
Plant traits shape soil legacy effects on individual plant-insect interactions
<p>Plant-mediated soil legacy effects can be important determinants of the performance of plants and their aboveground insect herbivores, but so far, soil legacy effects on plant-insect interactions have been tested for only a limited number of host plant species and soils. Here, we tested the performance of a polyphagous aboveground herbivore, caterpillars of the cabbage moth, <i>Mamestra brassicae</i> on twelve host plant species that were grown on a set of soils conditioned by each of these twelve species. We tested how growth rate (fast- or slow-growing) and functional type (grass or forb) of the plant species that conditioned the soil and of the responding host plant species growing in those soils affect the response of insect herbivores to conditioned soils. Our results show that plants and insect herbivores had lower biomass in soils that were conditioned by fast-growing forbs than in soils conditioned by slow-growing forbs. In soils conditioned by grasses, growth rate of the conditioning plant had the opposite effect, i.e., plants and herbivores had higher biomass in soils conditioned by fast-growing grasses, than in soils conditioned by slow-growing grasses. <a name="_Hlk21962191">We show that the response of aboveground insects to soil legacy effects is strongly positively correlated with the response of the host plant species, indicating that plant vigour may explain these relationships. </a>We provide evidence that soil communities can play an important role in shaping plant-insect interactions aboveground. Our results further emphasize the important and interactive role of the conditioning and the response plant in mediating soil-plant-insect interactions.</p>
Data from: Drought soil legacy overrides maternal effects on plant growth
1.Maternal effects (i.e., trans‐generational plasticity) and soil legacies generated by drought and plant diversity can affect plant performance and alter nutrient cycling and plant community dynamics. However, the relative importance and combined effects of these factors on plant growth dynamics remain poorly understood. 2.We used soil and seeds from an existing plant diversity and drought manipulation field experiment in temperate grassland to test maternal, soil drought and diversity legacy effects, and their interactions, on offspring plant performance of two grassland species (Alopecurus pratensis and Holcus lanatus) under contrasting glasshouse conditions. 3.Our results showed that drought soil legacy effects eclipsed maternal effects on plant biomass. Drought soil legacy effects were attributed to changes in both abiotic (i.e., nutrient availability) and biotic soil properties (i.e., microbial carbon, enzyme activity), as well as plant root and shoot atom 15N excess. Further, plant tissue nutrient concentrations and soil microbial C:N responses to drought legacies varied between the two plant species and soils from high and low plant diversity treatments. However, these diversity effects did not affect plant root or shoot biomass. 4.These findings demonstrate that while maternal effects resulting from drought occur in grasslands, their impacts on plant performance are likely minor relative to drought legacy effects on soil abiotic and biotic properties. This suggests that soil drought legacy effects could become increasingly important drivers of plant community dynamics and ecosystem functioning as extreme weather events become more frequent and intense with climate change.
Data from: Present conditions may mediate the legacy effect of past land-use changes on species richness and composition of above- and below-ground assemblages
1. In forest ecosystems, the influence of landscape history on contemporary biodiversity patterns has been shown to provide a convenient framework to explain shifts in plant assemblages. However, very few studies have controlled for present human-induced activities when analyzing the effect of forest continuity on community structures. By cutting and removing trees, foresters substantially change stand ecological conditions, with consequences on biodiversity patterns. Disentangling the effect of past and present human activities on biodiversity is thus crucial for ecosystem management and conservation. 2. We explored the response of plant and springtail species richness and composition to forest continuity (ancient vs recent) in montane forests, while controlling for stand maturity (mature vs overmature). We established 70 sites in landscapes dominated by unfragmented ancient forests where we surveyed plants and assessed springtails by analyzing environmental DNA. 3. Neither plant nor springtail species richness was influenced by forest continuity or by stand maturity. Instead, site-specific characteristics, especially soil properties and canopy openness, were of major importance in shaping above- and below-ground richness. 4. For plant and springtail species composition, the effect of forest continuity was mediated by stand maturity. Thus, both plants and springtails showed a convergence in assemblage patterns with the increasing availability of overmature stand attributes. Moreover, soil and stand-scale factors were evidently more important than landscape-scale factors in shaping above- and below-ground species composition. 5. Synthesis. We clearly demonstrated that biodiversity patterns are more strongly influenced by present human-induced activities than by past human-induced activities. In the Northern Alps where our study sites were located, the colonization credit of most species has been paid off and the transient biodiversity deficit usually related to forest continuity has moved toward equilibrium. These findings emphasize the necessity to better control for local-scale factors when analyzing the response of biodiversity to forest continuity; we call for more research into the effects of forest continuity in unfragmented mountain forests.
Direct and legacy-mediated drought effects on plant performance are species-specific and depend on soil community composition
Droughts affect plant communities, but their impacts may be mediated by soil biota. Soil communities may ameliorate drought stress, and droughts may leave legacies of altered soil communities that may affect future plant growth. However, it is not yet understood which groups of soil biota in particular affect plant performance under drought, nor which groups contribute to drought-legacy effects on future plant growth. We hypothesized that increasing soil-community complexity ameliorates drought stress and that drought-legacy effects are species-specific and soil-community-dependent. To test these hypotheses, we performed a two-phase experiment with six grassland species. In the first phase, we examined plant performance under drought and ambient conditions, in soils inoculated with a sterilized inoculum, or increasingly complex soil communities created by wet-sieving through 20-, 40-, and 200-µm mesh sieves. In the second phase, we examined drought-legacy effects on conspecific plant performance. We separately analysed plant performance in both phases, and integrated data from both phases using structural equation models. Drought effects on first-phase root biomass depended on soil inoculum, and this interaction differed among plant species, while effects on shoot biomass differed among species, but did not depend on inoculum. Only one species experienced drought-stress-ameliorating effects of soil biota. Drought-legacy effects on plant performance were positive, but depended on soil inoculum in case of root biomass, and on soil inoculum and species identity in case of shoot biomass. Drought-legacy effects were often mediated by first-phase biomass. In some species this effect was independent of inoculum, suggesting an abiotic legacy effect. In others, low first-phase biomass corresponded with high second-phase performance in presence of the most complex soil community. We conclude that drought-legacy effects on plant performance were soil-community-dependent but positive, suggesting that plants establishing after drought may benefit from increased nutrient availability and more positive impacts of soil biota.
Data from: Negative legacy effects of past forest use on native plant diversity in semi-natural grasslands on ski slopes
<p>We collected this data in Sugadaira and Minenohara Kogen in 2015, and in Kazawa, and Yunomaru in 2016. It was used for our paper titled "Negative legacy effects of past forest use on native plant diversity in semi-natural grasslands on ski slopes".</p>
Plant community legacy effects on nutrient cycling, fungal decomposer communities and decomposition in a temperate grassland
<p>Soil legacies mediated by plant species-specific microbial communities are major drivers of plant community dynamics. Most soil legacy studies focus on the role of pathogens and mutualists in driving these processes, while much less is known about plant litter-mediated changes to the soil microbial community. Here, we used an existing plant-soil feedback field experiment in which plant communities with different growth strategies (i.e., fast versus slow) and different proportions of functional groups (grasses versus forbs) were allowed to condition the soil over contrasting temporal scales (i.e., one versus two years) in a natural grassland. In the feedback phase, we removed the existent plant community, and replaced it with a standardized response plant community. We then tested the legacy effects of these different soil conditioning treatments on decomposition processes, nutrient cycling and soil decomposer community composition. Soil legacy effects on decomposition and the soil decomposer community composition were most evident right after the start of the feedback phase, but disappeared soon after the new community established. The soil conditioning time and years since disturbance affected most of the soil functions consistently, while no strong effects of plant functional group and plant growth strategy were found. We conclude that after disturbance, it is recovery time, not soil legacy effects, that is the most important factor driving soil functions.</p>
The ghosts of ecosystem engineers: Legacy effects of biogenic modifications
<p>1. Ecosystem engineers strongly influence the communities in which they live by modifying habitats and altering resource availability. These biogenic changes can persist beyond the presence of the engineer, and such modifications are known as ecosystem engineering legacy effects.</p> <p>2. Although many authors recognize ecosystem engineering legacies, and some case studies quantify the effects of legacies, few general frameworks describe their causes and consequences across species or ecosystem types.</p> <p>3. Here, we synthesize evidence for ecosystem engineering legacies and describe how consideration of key traits of engineers improves understanding of which engineers are likely to leave persistent biogenic modifications.</p> <p>4. Our review demonstrates that engineering legacies are ubiquitous, with substantial effects on individuals, communities, and ecosystem processes. Attributes that may promote the persistence of influential legacies relate to an engineer's traits, including its body size, lifespan, and living strategy (individual, conspecific group, or collection of multiple co-occurring species).</p> <p>5. Additional lines of inquiry, such as how the recipients respond (e.g., density or richness) or the mechanism of engineering (e.g., burrowing or structure building), should be included in future ecosystem engineering legacy research.</p> <p>6. Understanding patterns of these persistent effects of ecosystem engineers and evaluating the consequences of losing them is an important area of research needed for understanding long-term ecological responses to global change and biodiversity loss.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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