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209 results for “male response”
Data from: Female anoles display less but attack more quickly than males in response to territorial intrusions
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Data for: Sensory biases in response to novel complex acoustic signals in male and female gray treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis
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Raw data for: Plastic male mating behaviour evolves in response to the competitive environment
<p>Male reproductive phenotypes can evolve in response to the social and sexual environment. The expression of many such phenotypes may also be plastic within an individual's lifetime. For example, male <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> show significantly extended mating duration following a period of exposure to conspecific male rivals. The costs and benefits of reproductive investment, and plasticity itself, can be shaped by the prevailing socio-sexual environment and by resource availability. We investigated these ideas using experimental evolution lines of <i>D. melanogaster </i>evolving under three fixed sex ratios (high, medium and low male-male competition) on either rich or poor adult diets. We found that males evolving in high-competition environments evolved longer mating durations overall. In addition, these males expressed a novel type of plastic behavioural response following exposure to rival males: they both significantly reduced and showed altered courtship delivery and exhibited significantly longer mating latencies. Plasticity in male mating duration in response to rivals was maintained in all of the lines, suggesting that the costs of plasticity were minimal. None of the evolutionary responses tested were consistently affected by dietary resource regimes. Collectively, the results show that fixed behavioural changes and new augmentations to the repertoire of reproductive behaviours can evolve rapidly.</p>
Investigating mirror responses in adult male zebra finches and house crows
<p>Earlier evidence suggests that besides humans, some species of mammals and birds demonstrate visual self-recognition, assessed by the controversial 'mark' test. Whereas there are high levels of inter-individual differences amongst a single species, some species such as macaques and pigeons which do not spontaneously demonstrate mirror self-recognition (MSR) can be trained to do so. We were surprised to discover that despite being widely used as a model system for avian research, the performance of zebra finches (<i>Taenopygia guttata</i>) on the mark test had not been studied earlier. Additionally, we studied the behavior of another species of passerine songbirds (Indian house crows; <i>Corvus splendens</i>) on the mark test and other self-exploratory behaviors. Although, a small number of adult male zebra finches appeared to display heightened responses towards the mark while observing their reflections, we could not rule out the possibility that these were specific to the mirror and not a part of general grooming. In contrast, none of the house crows demonstrated mark-directed behavior or increased self-exploratory behaviors when facing mirrors. Our study suggests that self-directed behaviors need to be tested more rigorously in adult male zebra finches while facing their reflections and these findings need to be replicated in a larger population, given the high degree of variability in mirror-directed behaviors. We have also shown that house crows demonstrate early stages of self-awareness but do not pass the mark test.</p>
Data from: Contrasting responses of male and female foraging effort to year-round wind conditions
1. There is growing interest in the effects of wind on wild animals, given evidence that wind speeds are increasing and becoming more variable in some regions, particularly at temperate latitudes. Wind may alter movement patterns or foraging ability, with consequences for energy budgets and, ultimately, demographic rates. 2. These effects are expected to vary among individuals due to intrinsic factors such as sex, age or feeding proficiency. Furthermore, this variation is predicted to become more marked as wind conditions deteriorate, which may have profound consequences for population dynamics as the climate changes. However, the interaction between wind and intrinsic effects has not been comprehensively tested. 3. In many species, in particular those showing sexual size dimorphism, males and females vary in foraging performance. Here, we undertook year-round deployments of data loggers to test for interactions between sex and wind speed and direction on foraging effort in adult European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis, a pursuit-diving seabird in which males are c. 18% heavier. 4. We found that foraging time was lower at high wind speeds but higher during easterly (onshore) winds. Furthermore, there was an interaction between sex and wind conditions on foraging effort, such that females foraged for longer than males when winds were of greater strength (9% difference at high wind speeds vs. 1% at low wind speeds) and when winds were easterly compared with westerly (7% and 4% difference, respectively). 5. The results supported our prediction that sex-specific differences in foraging effort would become more marked as wind conditions worsen. Since foraging time is linked to demographic rates in this species, our findings are likely to have important consequences for population dynamics by amplifying sex-specific differences in survival rates.
Data from: Male age mediates reproductive investment and response to paternity assurance
Theory predicts that male response to reduced paternity will depend on male state and interactions between the sexes. If there is little chance of reproducing again, then males should invest heavily in current offspring, regardless of their share in paternity. We tested this by manipulating male age and paternity assurance in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We found older males invested more in both mating effort and parental effort than younger males. Furthermore, male age, a component of male state, mediated male response to perceived paternity. Older males provided more prenatal care, whereas younger males provided less prenatal care, when perceived paternity was low. Adjustments in male care, however, did not influence selection acting indirectly on parents, through offspring performance. This is because females adjusted their care in response to the age of their partner, providing less care when paired with older males than younger males. As a result offspring, performance did not differ between treatments. Our study shows, for the first time, that a male state variable is an important modifier of paternity–parental care trade-offs and highlights the importance of social interactions between males and females during care in determining male response to perceived paternity.
Data from: Shifts in reproductive investment in response to competitors lowers male reproductive success
<p>In many species, males exhibit phenotypic plasticity in sexually selected traits when exposed to social cues about the intensity of sexual competition. To date, however, few studies have tested how this plasticity affects male reproductive success. We initially tested whether male mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki (Poeciliidae), change their investment in traits under pre- and post- copulatory sexual selection depending on the social environment. Focal males were exposed, for a full spermatogenesis cycle, to visual and chemical cues of rivals that were either present (competitive treatment) or absent (control). Males from the competitive treatment had significantly slower swimming sperm, but did not differ in sperm count from control males. When two males competed for a female, competitive treatment males also made significantly fewer copulation attempts and courtship displays than control males. Further, paternity analysis of 708 offspring from 148 potential sires, testing whether these changes in reproductive traits affected male reproductive success, showed that males previously exposed to cues about the presence of rivals sired significantly fewer offspring when competing with a control male. We discuss several possible explanations for these unusual findings.</p>
Quantitative proteomics reveals Populus cathayana males are more responsive to solar UV-B radiation than females
<p>This data set provides the detailed information of total identified proteins in P. cathayana males and females under UV-B radiation in our experiment. To investigate the changes in the protein profiles in response to solar UV-B radiation, proteins were extracted from the poplar leaves and analyzed using an iTRAQ-based shotgun proteomics strategy. Using the Mascot search engine, a total of 6091 peptides from the trypsin-digested proteins were identified; of these, 5210 peptides were unique. A total of 2405 proteins were identified.</p>
Data on mitochondrial respiratory function in skeletal muscle of adult male mice in response to 3-weeks heat stress
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Data from: Age-at-injury influences the glial response to traumatic brain injury in the cortex of male juvenile rats
<p>Glia influence neuronal development and aging. Few translational studies have examined how age at injury affects the glial response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that rats injured before sexual maturity would exhibit a greater glial response, that persists into early adulthood, compared to rats injured near the onset of sexual maturity.</p> <p>Postnatal day (PND)17 and PND35 rats received midline fluid percussion injury or sham surgery. In three cortical regions (peri-injury, S1BF, perirhinal), we investigated the glial response relative to age at injury, time post-injury (2H, 1D 7D, 25D, and 43D), and post-natal age, such that rats injured at PND17 or PND35 were compared at the same post-natal-age (e.g., PND17+25d post-injury=PND42; PND35+7d post-injury=PND42). We measured Iba1+ microglia cells and quantified their activation status. GFAP expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multivariate multi-level models.</p> <p>Independent of age at injury, TBI activated microglia (shorter branches, fewer endpoints) in the cortex with more microglia in all regions compared to shams. TBI-induced microglial activation was sustained in the S1BF into early adulthood (PND60). PND17 injured rats had more microglial activation in the perirhinal cortex than PND35 injured rats. Activation was not confounded by age-dependent cell size changes, and microglial cell body sizes were similar between ages.</p> <p>Increased microglial activation in PND17 injured rats suggests that TBI upregulates the glial response at discrete stages of development. Age at injury and aging with an injury are translationally important because experiencing a TBI during early childhood may trigger an exaggerated glial response.</p>
Male mating success evolves in response to increased levels of male-male competition
<p>Male-biased operational sex ratios can increase male-male competition and can potentially select for both increased pre-and post-copulatory male success. In the present study, using populations of Drosophila melanogaster evolved under male-biased (M) or female-biased (F) sex ratios, we asked whether (a) male mating success can evolve (b) males are better at mating females that they have co-evolved with (c) males mating success is affected by female mating status and (d) male mating success is correlated with their courtship effort. We directly competed M and F males for mating with (a) virgin ancestral (common) females, (b) virgin females from the M and F populations, and (c) singly mated females from the M and F populations. We also assessed the courtship frequency of the males when paired with mated M or F females. Our results show that M males, evolving under an increased level of male-male competition, have higher mating success than F males irrespective of the female evolutionary history. However, the difference in mating success is more pronounced if the females had mated before. M males also have a higher courtship frequency than F males, but we did not find any correlation between mating success and courtship frequency. </p>
Experimental evolution reveals differential evolutionary trajectories in male and female activity levels in response to sexual selection and metapopulation structure
<p>Behavior is central to interactions with the environment and thus has significant consequences for individual fitness. Sexual selection and demographic processes have been shown to independently shape behavioral evolution. However, while some studies have tested the simultaneous effects of these forces, no studies have investigated their interplay in behavioral evolution. We applied experimental evolution in the seed beetle <i>Callosobruchus maculatus</i> to investigate, for the first time, the interactive effects of sexual selection intensity (high (polygamy) vs. minimal (enforced monogamy)) and metapopulation structure (yes/no) on the evolution of movement activity, a crucial behavior involved in multiples functions (e.g., dispersal, predator avoidance or resource acquisition) and thus, closely related to <a>fitne</a>ss. We found that the interactive effects of the selection regimes did not affect individual activity, which was assayed under two different environments (absence vs. presence of conspecific cues from both sexes). However, contrasting selection regimes led to sex- and context-dependent divergence in activity. The relaxation of sexual selection favored an increase in female, but not male, movement activity that was consistent between environmental contexts. In contrast, selection associated with the presence/absence of metapopulation structure led to context-dependent responses only in male activity. In environments containing cues from conspecifics, males from selection lines under population subdivision showed increased levels of activity compared to those assayed in an environment devoid of conspecifics cues, while the opposite was true for males from panmictic lines. These results underscore that both the effects of sexual selection and population spatial structure may be crucial in shaping sex-specific behavioral evolution.</p>
Acute responses to 20% vs 40% velocity-loss in males and females
<p>All variables contained in the article.</p> <p>Four groups: Males training to 20% velocity-loss = group 1. Males training to 40% velocity-loss = group 2. Females training to 20% velocity-loss = group 3. Females training to 40% velocity-loss = group 4.</p>
Dataset 2 for paper - Distinct prelimbic cortex neuronal responses drive emotion recognition in male mice during Social Interactions-Behavior - Behavior, Piezo, FP and optogenetics datasets
<p>The uploaded folders contain data for:</p> <p>1) Analyzed video clips for behavioral testing of C57BL/6J ESP data for both males and females in ESPr, ESPs, ESPi, and ESPi with female subject and male stimuli, and the Three Discrimination Task. Relevant for Figure.1 and Supp.1.</p> <p>2) Piezo data for ESPs with males, ESPi with males, and ESPi with females. Relevant for Fig.2 Each task folder contains 3 subfolders:</p> <p> 1- Timestamps</p> <p> 2- Piezo-sensors signal</p> <p> 3- Analyzed videos</p> <p>2) Fiber Photometry data for the SP, ESPs, ESPi, and Food vs. Object tasks. Relevant for Fig.3-4 and Supp.2-8. The data for each task is divided into 3 folders:</p> <p> 1- Timestamps</p> <p> 2- Fiber photometry signal</p> <p> 3- Analyzed videos</p> <p>3) Optogenetics data for SP, ESPs (excitation and inhibition), and stimulation with Empty Chambers. Relevant for Fig.8 and Supp.16. The SP and ESPs tasks in this experiment have 4 conditions, and the stimulation with empty chambers test has only the first 3 conditions of the following:</p> <p> 1- No stimulation</p> <p> 2- Stimulation with stimulus 1</p> <p> 3- Stimulation with stimulus 2</p> <p> 4- Free stimulation</p> <p>Data folders for conditions 2 and 3 contain two sub-folders:</p> <p> 1- Timestamps for the delivered optic stimulations</p> <p> 2- Analyzed videos</p>
Data from: Male stress response is related to ornamentation but not resistance to oxidative stress in a warbler
1. Ornaments are thought to honestly signal individual quality to potential mates. Individual quality may include the ability to cope with stress through the production of glucocorticoids (GCs), which help to redirect resources from growth or reproduction to survival during an acute stress response. However, elevated levels of GCs may also increase oxidative stress and reduce immune function. Thus, an important question is whether high quality individuals, with more elaborate ornaments, signal their ability to produce a strong stress response and mitigate some of the negative effects of doing so through higher resistance to oxidative stress. 2. We tested whether ornamentation and resistance to oxidative stress were related to the magnitude of the increase in corticosterone (CORT), the main GC in birds, during an acute stress response in common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas). Males in this species have two plumage ornaments, a black (eumelanin-based) facial mask and a yellow (carotenoid-based) bib. We measured the increase in CORT in response to capture and handling. 3. Males with more elaborate ornaments (larger masks and more colourful bibs) had a greater increase in CORT during an acute stress response. However, the increase in CORT was not related to resistance to oxidative stress. 4. These results suggest that both melanin- and carotenoid-based plumage ornaments can signal the ability of a male to cope with stressors through a greater increase in CORT. Thus, the association between ornamentation and stress induced CORT is not likely due to a mechanism specific to a particular colour (melanin or carotenoid), but instead may result from more general interactions between CORT and health or condition.
Data from: Black goby territorial males adjust their ejaculate's characteristics in response to the presence of sneakers
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>In many species males can rapidly adjust their ejaculate performance in response to changing levels of sperm competition, an ability that is probably mediated by seminal fluid adaptive plasticity. In the black goby, <i>Gobius niger</i>, female spawning in the nest of a territorial male can last hours, and males attach a viscous ejaculate to the nest roof, from which sperm are slowly released. During spawning, sneaker males attempt to approach the nest and release their sperm, and territorial males intensify their defensive effort at the increasing of sneaking pressure. We show here that territorial males adjust the characteristics of their seminal fluid in response to the number of competitor sneakers. Territorial males produce an ejaculate from which sperm are released at a rate that decreases as the number of surrounding competitor sneakers increases. Field observations showed that multiple sneaking attempts occurred sequentially, forcing territorials to frequently leave the nest. Overall these results suggest that the adjustment of seminal fluid viscosity may guarantee a continuous release of sperm from the ejaculate, although at a lower rate, when the territorial male is engaged in prolonged nest defense possibly minimizing the postcopulatory cost of an increased precopulatory mate guarding. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
The olfactory chemosensory responses of male Oriental fruit fly with drops of volatile organic compounds.
<p>The olfactory chemosensory responses of male Oriental fruit fly with a drop of the following VOCs; ethanol (at 0.30 min), methyl eugenol (at 1.39 min), ethanol (at 3.05 min), white holy basil oil (at 4.10 min), ethanol (at 5.20 min), methyl eugenol (at 6.30 min), ethanol (at 7.36 min), and white holy basil oil (at 8.36 min).</p>
Data from: Male responses to sperm competition risk associated with increased macronutrient intake and reduced lifespan
<p>Increased expenditure on the ejaculate is a taxonomically widespread male response to sperm competition. Increased ejaculate expenditure is assumed to come at a cost to future reproduction, otherwise males should always invest maximally. However, the life-history costs of strategic ejaculation are not well documented. Macronutrient intake is known to affect the trade-off between reproduction and lifespan. Intakes of protein and carbohydrate that maximise reproduction are often differ from those that maximise lifespan. Here, we asked whether strategic expenditure on the ejaculate by male crickets, <em>Teleogryllus oceanicus</em>, is mediated by macronutrient intake, and whether it comes at a cost of reduced lifespan. Males were exposed to rival song throughout their lifespan or were held in a silent non-competitive environment. Males exposed to song had a higher intake of both protein and carbohydrate, they reached adulthood sooner, produced ejaculates of higher quality, and died sooner than males living in a silent environment. Our findings provide a rare example of both the mechanisms and life-history costs associated with strategic ejaculation.</p>
Evaluation of Dose-response, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Bioequivalence of Filgrastim in Healthy Male Volunteers After Single and Multiple-dose Subcutaneous Administration of the Test Injectab
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01933971. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 35.
Metabolic and Appetite Responses to a Whey Protein Preload Following Prior Exercise in Overweight Males
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02714309. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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