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108 results for “melanism”
Data from: Melanization of mycorrhizal fungal necromass structures microbial decomposer communities
Mycorrhizal fungal necromass is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to soil organic carbon pools, particularly in forest ecosystems. While its decomposition rate is primarily determined by biochemical composition, how traits such as melanin content affect the structure of necromass decomposer communities remains poorly understood. To assess the role of biochemical traits on microbial decomposer community composition and functioning, we incubated melanized and non-melanized necromass of the mycorrhizal fungus Meliniomyces bicolor in Pinus- and Quercus-dominated forests in Minnesota, USA and then assessed the associated fungal and bacterial decomposer communities after 1, 2 and 3 months using high-throughput sequencing. Melanized necromass decomposed significantly slower than non-melanized necromass in both forests. The structure of the microbial decomposer communities depended significantly on necromass melanin content, although the effect was stronger for fungi than bacteria. On non-melanized necromass, fungal communities were dominated by r-selected ascomycete and mucoromycete microfungi early and then replaced by basidiomycete ectomycorrhizal fungi, while on melanized necromass these groups were co-dominant throughout the incubation. Bacterial communities were dominated by both specialist mycophageous and generalist taxa. Synthesis. Our results indicate that necromass biochemistry not only strongly affects rates of decomposition but also the structure of the associated decomposer communities. Furthermore, the observed colonization patterns suggest that fungi, and particularly ectomycorrhizal fungi, may play a more important role in necromass decomposition than previously recognized.
Data from: Recurrent evolution of melanism in South American felids
Morphological variation in natural populations is a genomic test bed for studying the interface between molecular evolution and population genetics, but some of the most interesting questions involve non-model organisms that lack well annotated reference genomes. Many felid species exhibit polymorphism for melanism but the relative roles played by genetic drift, natural selection, and interspecies hybridization remain uncertain. We identify mutations of Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) or the Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) as independent causes of melanism in three closely related South American species: the pampas cat (Leopardus colocolo), the kodkod (Leopardus guigna), and Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi). To assess population level variation in the regions surrounding the causative mutations we apply genomic resources from the domestic cat to carry out clone-based capture and targeted resequencing of 299 kb and 251 kb segments that contain ASIP and MC1R, respectively, from 54 individuals (13–21 per species), achieving enrichment of ~500–2500-fold and ~150x coverage. Our analysis points to unique evolutionary histories for each of the three species, with a strong selective sweep in the pampas cat, a distinctive but short melanism-specific haplotype in the Geoffroy's cat, and reduced nucleotide diversity for both ancestral and melanism-bearing chromosomes in the kodkod. These results reveal an important role for natural selection in a trait of longstanding interest to ecologists, geneticists, and the lay community, and provide a platform for comparative studies of morphological variation in other natural populations.
Data from: A novel locus on chromosome 1 underlies the evolution of a melanic plumage polymorphism in a wild songbird
Understanding the mechanisms responsible for phenotypic diversification within and among species ultimately rests with linking naturally occurring mutations to functionally and ecologically significant traits. Colour polymorphisms are of great interest in this context because discrete colour patterns within a population are often controlled by just a few genes in a common environment. We investigated how and why phenotypic diversity arose and persists in the Zosterops borbonicus white-eye of Reunion (Mascarene archipelago), a colour polymorphic songbird in which all highland populations contain individuals belonging to either a brown or a grey plumage morph. Using extensive phenotypic and genomic data, we demonstrate that this melanin-based colour polymorphism is controlled by a single locus on chromosome 1 with two large-effect alleles, which was not previously described as affecting hair or feather colour. Differences between colour morphs appear to rely upon complex cis-regulatory variation that either prevents the synthesis of pheomelanin in grey feathers, or increases its production in brown ones. We used coalescent analyses to show that, from a 'brown' ancestral population, the dominant 'grey' allele spread quickly once it arose from a new mutation. Since colour morphs are always found in mixture, this implies that the selected allele does not go to fixation, but instead reaches an intermediate frequency, as would be expected under balancing selection.
Figure 3 in A dark shell hiding great variability: a molecular insight into the evolution and conservation of melanic Daphnia populations in the Alps
Figure 3. Map of the Alps showing European Daphnia pulicaria populations (1–12) and haplotypes (A1–A10) considered in this study. Different colours and patterns identify haplotypes found in more than one population or together with other haplotypes. See Table 1 for details of populations.
Figure 1 in A dark shell hiding great variability: a molecular insight into the evolution and conservation of melanic Daphnia populations in the Alps
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of European Daphnia pulicaria, including melanic populations specifically sampled in alpine lakes in the Western Italian Alps for this study. Within the enlarged box, the dashed grey line delimits river catchments where melanic populations were found (Orco and Dora di Savaranche). On the right, one melanic specimen from lake Nivolet. Abbreviations: GPNP, Gran Paradiso National Park. Abbreviations: SJM, Svalbard; RUS, Russia; ISL, Island; NOR, Norway; SWE, Sweden; GBR, Great Britain; DEU, Germany; POL, Poland; CZE, Czech Republic; CHE, Switzerland; ESP, Spain; HUN, Hungary; MNE, Montenegro; ALB, Albania; MKD, Macedonia; TRI, Trebecchi Inferiore; TRS, Trebecchi Superiore; NIV, Nivolet; LIL, Lillet.
Date for: The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into melanic pigmentation of anemonefish
<p><span>Anemonefish are an emerging group of model organisms due to interesting biological traits such as sequential hermaphroditism, social control of size, symbiosis with anemones, and varying pigmentation patterns. In addition to genus-specific traits, the anemonefish <em>Amphiprion</em> <em>clarkii</em> possesses species-specific characteristics such as interspecies co-habitation, high intraspecies color variation, no anemone specificity, and a broad distribution, that have the potential to further our understanding of anemonefish evolutionary history, behavioral strategies, fish-anemone symbiosis, and color pattern evolution. However, despite its position as an emerging model species, the genome of <em>A. clarkii </em>is yet to be published. Here, using PacBio long-read, Illumina short-read and Hi-C chromatin capture technology we generated a high-quality chromosome-scale genome for the anemonefish <em>A. clarkii</em>. The initial assembly consisted of 1840 contigs with an N50 of 1,203,211 bp. These contigs were successfully anchored into 24 chromosomes of 843,582,782 bp and then annotated with 25,050 </span>protein-coding gene models. With the chromosome-scale assembly encompassing 98.7% of conserved actinopterygian genes and the annotation containing 97.0%, the quality and completeness of this <em>A. clarkii</em> genome is the highest amongst all published anemonefish genomes. The publication of this high-quality genome, along with <em>A. clarkii'</em>s many unique traits, position this species as an ideal model organism for addressing scientific questions across a range of disciplines.</p>
Figure 1 in Paint it black: first record of melanism in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)
Figure 1: Low resolution still images of a melanistic Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) taken from a 30-s video from Yukon, Canada. Source video courtesy of J. Stuckey.
Neoadjuvant Nivolumab+Ipilimumab Followed by Adjuvant Nivolumab or Neoadjuvant Nivolumab+Ipilimumab Followed by Adjuvant Observation Compared With Adjuvant Nivolumab in Treatment-Naive High-risk Melan
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04495010. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 16. Publications: 1.
Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma With Autologous Melan-A/MART-1 Specific CTL Clones
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00720031. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: A novel locus on chromosome 1 underlies the evolution of a melanic plumage polymorphism in a wild songbird
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Data from: Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene sequence variation and melanism in the gray (Sciurus carolinensis), fox (Sciurus niger) and red (Sciurus vulgaris) squirrel
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Data from: Melanization of mycorrhizal fungal necromass structures microbial decomposer communities
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Data from: Mutations in different pigmentation genes are associated with parallel melanism in island flycatchers
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The fungus Leptosphaerulina persists in Anopheles gambiae and induces melanization
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Date for: The chromosome-scale genome assembly of the yellowtail clownfish Amphiprion clarkii provides insights into melanic pigmentation of anemonefish
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Data from: Divergent melanism strategies in Andean butterfly communities structure diversity patterns and climate responses
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Data from: Recurrent evolution of melanism in South American felids
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Data from: Molecular population genetics of the melanic plumage polymorphism in arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus): evidence for divergent selection on plumage colour
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FIGURE 1 in First record of a highly melanic morph of Cyphostethus tristriatus (Fabricius, 1787) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Acanthosomatidae)
FIGURE 1. Highly-melanic specimen of Cyphostethus tristriatus (Photo: Tomasz Klejdysz).
Patterns of genetic divergence and demographic history shed light on island-mainland population dynamics and melanic plumage evolution in the white-winged fairywren
<p>The existence of distinct traits in island versus mainland populations offers opportunities to gain insights into how eco-evolutionary processes operate under natural conditions. We used two island colonization events in the white-winged fairywren (<i>Malurus </i><i>leucopterus</i>) to investigate the genomic and demographic origin of melanic plumage. This avian species is distributed across most of Australia, and males of the mainland subspecies (<i>M. l. leuconotus</i>) exhibit a blue nuptial plumage in contrast to males of two island subspecies – <i>M. l. leucopterus </i>on Dirk Hartog Island<i> </i>and <i>M. l. edouardi</i>on Barrow Island – that exhibit a black nuptial plumage. We used reduced-representation sequencing to explore differentiation and demographic history in this species and found clear patterns of divergence between mainland and island populations, with additional substructuring on the mainland. Divergence between the mainland and Dirk Hartog was approximately 10 times more recent than the split between the mainland and Barrow Island, supporting two independent colonizations. In both cases, estimated gene flow between the mainland and the islands was low, contributing to signals of divergence among subspecies. Our results present demographic reconstructions of mainland-island dynamics and associated plumage variation in white-winged fairywrens, with broader implications regarding our understanding of convergent evolution in insular populations.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.