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80 results for “milkweed”
Data from: Mycorrhizae alter constitutive and herbivore-induced volatile emissions by milkweeds
Plants use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to cue natural enemies to their herbivore prey on plants. Simultaneously, herbivores utilize volatile cues to identify appropriate hosts. Despite extensive efforts to understand sources of variation in plant communication by VOCs, we lack an understanding of how ubiquitous belowground mutualists, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), influence plant VOC emissions. In a full factorial experiment, we subjected plants of two milkweed (Asclepias) species under three levels of AMF availability to damage by aphids (Aphis nerii). We then measured plant headspace volatiles and chemical defenses (cardenolides) and compared these to VOCs emitted and cardenolides produced by plants without herbivores. We found that AMF have plant species-specific effects on constitutive and aphid-induced VOC emissions. High AMF availability increased emissions of total VOCs, two green leaf volatiles (3-hexenyl acetate and hexyl acetate), and methyl salicylate in A. curassavica, but did not affect emissions in A. incarnata. In contrast, aphids consistently increased emissions of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one and benzeneacetaldehyde in both species, independent of AMF availability. Both high AMF availability and aphids alone suppressed emissions of individual terpenes. However, aphid damage on plants under high AMF availability increased, or did not affect, emissions of those terpenes. Lastly, aphid feeding suppressed cardenolide concentrations only in A. curassavica, and AMF did not affect cardenolides in either plant species. Our findings suggest that by altering milkweed VOC profiles, AMF may affect both herbivore performance and natural enemy attraction.
Data from: Multilocus phylogenetics of new world milkweed vines (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae)
Subtribe Gonolobinae of the cosmopolitan family Apocynaceae is diverse and represents the largest radiation of milkweeds in the New World (~500 species). The largest genus, Matelea, is an amalgam that was united largely by a perceived lack of discrete morphological variation, particularly in floral structures. Using plastid and nuclear DNA sequences, we estimate a phylogeny of Gonolobinae using four chloroplast loci and three cloned nuclear regions. We investigate monophyly of Matelea and other established and provisional genera via a series of hypothesis tests. We find variable support and considerable conflict among the gene trees. Despite this, our data confirm the paraphyly of Matelea while Gonolobus and other segregate genera receive some support as monophyletic assemblages. We attribute conflicting signal in our data primarily to incomplete lineage sorting, a likely result of rapid radiation. Ancestral character reconstructions of growth form, fruit, and corolla morphology reveal a woody twining growth form to be plesiomorphic with one to two transitions to an herbaceous, non-twining growth form followed by one putative reversal to the woody twining growth form in the subtribe. Plesiomorphic states for fruit ornamentation and corolla shape are less clear and these characters exhibit high levels of homoplasy. This study is one of the most comprehensive phylogenies of gonoloboid milkweeds to date and the first to sample multiple nuclear loci and include allelic data.
Species TX OK Distribution Map FH Hosts Pityophthorina Araptus dentifrons Wood 1 1* MEX+NT 103 ph-my Milkweed vines Conophthorus echinatae Wood 1* SEUS 104 my-sp Pinus Conophthorus edulis Hopkins 1 SWNA 104 my-sp Pinus Dendroterus texanus Wood 1 MEX+NT 105 ph Jatropha dioica Pityoborus comatus (Zimmermann) 1 1 SENA 105 xm Pinus Pityophthorus annectens LeConte 1 1 SE+SW 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus arcanus Bright 1 SWNA 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus barberi Blackman 1 SWNA 107 ph Pinus Pityophthorus brevis Blackman 1 SWNA 108 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confertus Swaine 1 SWNA 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confinis LeConte 1* SWNA 109 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confusus Blandford 1 SE+SW 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus consimilis LeConte 1 1* SENA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crassus Blackman 1 SWNA 112 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman 1 1* SENA 109 ph Rhus Pityophthorus deletus LeConte 1 SWNA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus grandis Blackman 1 SWNA 113 ph Pinus Pityophthorus guatemalensis Blandford 1 SWNA 112 ph Quercus Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff 1 1* SENA 112 ph Rhus, Toxicodendron Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman 1 SENA 113 ph Liquidambar Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff 1 SE+SW 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus pulicarius (Zimmermann) 1 1* SENA 114 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus pullus (Zimmermann) 1 SENA 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwarzi Blackman 1 SWNA 116 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwerdtfegeri Schedl 1 SWNA 117 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman 1 1 SENA 118 ph Rhus in Atlas and checklist of the bark and ambrosia beetles of Texas and Oklahoma (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae)
Species TX OK Distribution Map FH Hosts Pityophthorina Araptus dentifrons Wood 1 1* MEX+NT 103 ph-my Milkweed vines Conophthorus echinatae Wood 1* SEUS 104 my-sp Pinus Conophthorus edulis Hopkins 1 SWNA 104 my-sp Pinus Dendroterus texanus Wood 1 MEX+NT 105 ph Jatropha dioica Pityoborus comatus (Zimmermann) 1 1 SENA 105 xm Pinus Pityophthorus annectens LeConte 1 1 SE+SW 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus arcanus Bright 1 SWNA 106 ph Pinus Pityophthorus barberi Blackman 1 SWNA 107 ph Pinus Pityophthorus brevis Blackman 1 SWNA 108 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confertus Swaine 1 SWNA 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confinis LeConte 1* SWNA 109 ph Pinus Pityophthorus confusus Blandford 1 SE+SW 110 ph Pinus Pityophthorus consimilis LeConte 1 1* SENA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crassus Blackman 1 SWNA 112 ph Pinus Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman 1 1* SENA 109 ph Rhus Pityophthorus deletus LeConte 1 SWNA 111 ph Pinus Pityophthorus grandis Blackman 1 SWNA 113 ph Pinus Pityophthorus guatemalensis Blandford 1 SWNA 112 ph Quercus Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff 1 1* SENA 112 ph Rhus, Toxicodendron Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman 1 SENA 113 ph Liquidambar Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff 1 SE+SW 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus pulicarius (Zimmermann) 1 1* SENA 114 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus pullus (Zimmermann) 1 SENA 115 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwarzi Blackman 1 SWNA 116 ph Pinus Pityophthorus schwerdtfegeri Schedl 1 SWNA 117 ph-my Pinus Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman 1 1 SENA 118 ph Rhus
Fig. 1 in The Occurrence and Behaviors of North American Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) on Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L.
Fig. 1. Seasonal presence of Photinus pyralis and Pyropyga minuta exhibiting nectaring behaviors and active mouthing on milkweed. Two Photuris sp. and one Photinus cooki were observed on milkweed 7 and 8 July only.
Figs. 2–6 in The Occurrence and Behaviors of North American Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) on Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca L.
Figs. 2–6. Fireflies on common milkweed. 2) Female Photinus pyralis nectaring bloom; 3) Photuris sp. sipping from stigmatic slit. Photograph by C. Hanrahan; 4) Photinus pyralis actively mouthing leaf; 5) Milkweed pollinia (arrow) on front left femur of Pyropyga minuta; 6) Photuris quadrifulgens larvae hollowing out center of milkweed rhizome.
Chemical profiling of milkweed and monarch butterfly wing extracts via mass spectrometry
<p>Herbivores that sequester toxins are thought to have cracked the code of plant defenses. Nonetheless, coevolutionary theory predicts that plants should evolve toxic variants that also negatively impact specialists. We propose and test the selective sequestration hypothesis, that specialists preferentially sequester compounds that are less toxic to themselves, while maintaining toxicity to enemies. Using chemically distinct plants, we show that monarch butterflies sequester only a subset of cardenolides from milkweed leaves that are less potent against their target enzyme (Na+/K+-ATPase) compared to several dominant cardenolides from leaves. However, sequestered compounds remain highly potent against sensitive Na+/K+-ATPases found in most predators. We confirmed this differential toxicity with mixtures of purified cardenolides from leaves and butterflies. The genetic basis of monarch adaptation to sequestered cardenolides was also confirmed with transgenic <em>Drosophila</em> that were CRISPR-edited with the monarch's Na+/K+-ATPase. Thus, the monarch's selective sequestration appears to reduce self-harm while maintaining protection from enemies.</p>
Toxin sequestration of milkweed insects and inhibition of their sodium pump constructs
<p>Repeatable macroevolutionary patterns provide hope for rules in biology, especially when we can decipher the underlying mechanisms. Here we synthesize natural history, genetic adaptations, and toxin sequestration in herbivorous insects that specialize on plants with cardiac glycoside defenses. Work on the monarch butterfly provided a model for evolution of the <em>sequestering specialist syndrome</em>, where specific amino acid substitutions in the insect's Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase are associated with 1) high toxin-resistance (target site insensitivity, TSI), 2) sequestration of toxins, and 3) aposematic coloration. We evaluate convergence for these traits within and between Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera, encompassing hundreds of toxin-adapted species. Using new and existing data on ~28 origins of specialization, we show that the monarch model evolved independently in five taxonomic orders (but not Diptera). An additional syndrome occurs in five orders: aposematic sequesterers with modest to medium TSI (all but Hymenoptera). Indeed, all sequestering species were aposematic and all but one had at least modest TSI. Additionally, several species were aposematic non-sequesterers (potential Batesian mimics), and this combination evolved in species with a range of TSI levels. Finally, we identified some biases among these strategies within taxonomic orders. Biodiversity in this microcosm of life evolved repeatedly with a high degree of similarity across six taxonomic orders, yet we identified alternative trait combinations as well as lineage-specific outcomes.</p>
Sequestration of defenses against predators drives specialized host plant associations in preadapted milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)
<p class="CxSpFirst">Host plant specialization across herbivorous insects varies dramatically, but while the molecular mechanisms of host-plant adaptations are increasingly known, we often lack a comprehensive understanding of the selective forces that favor specialization. The milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae) are engaged in ancestrally specialized associations with plants of the Apocynaceae from which they commonly sequester cardiac glycosides for defense, facilitated by resistant Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPases and adaptations for transport, storage and discharge of toxins. Here, we show that three Lygaeinae species independently colonized four novel non-apocynaceous hosts that convergently produce cardiac glycosides. A fourth species shifted to a new source of toxins by tolerating and sequestering alkaloids from meadow saffron (<i>Colchicum autumnale</i>, Colchicaceae). Across three milkweed bug species tested, feeding on seeds containing toxins did not improve growth or speed of development, and even impaired growth and development in two species, but sequestration mediated protection of milkweed bugs against two natural predators: lacewing larvae and passerine birds. We conclude that physiological preadaptations and convergent phytochemistry facilitated novel specialized host associations. Since toxic seeds did not improve but either impaired growth or at most had neutral effects, selection by predators on sequestration of defenses, rather than the exploitation of additional profitable dietary resources, can lead to obligatory specialized host associations in otherwise generalist insects.</p>
Data from: Evidence for tissue-specific defense-offense interactions between milkweed and its community of specialized herbivores
<p>Input data used to generate the results for the manuscript under publication. It contains: 1) the residual enzymatic activity (absorbance) of 3 cardenolide-tolerant insects and the non tolerant fruit fly to 5 tissue extracts from Asclepias curassavica (roots, leaves, flower buds, seeds and latex); 2) The dilution level required to inhibit the enzymes by 50% (IC50); 3) The amount of tissue used to prepare the extracts for the enzymatic assay, as well as their cardenolide concentration to standardize the IC50 estimates by tissue mass and plant defense concentration; 4) The dataset of the chemical characterization by HPLC of the different plant parts of Asclepias curassavica; 5) The latex data used to estimate dry/wet mass ratio to correct for our latex samples.</p>
Eastern monarch larval performance may not be affected by shifts in phenological synchrony with milkweed
<p>1. Interacting species are experiencing disruptions in the relative timing of their key life history events due to climate change. These shifts can sometimes be detrimental to the fitness of the consumer in trophic interactions but not always.</p> <p>2. The potential consequences of phenological asynchrony for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and its host plant (Asclepias spp.) have not been well studied. Given that plants generally undergo seasonal declines in quality, if climate change delays the timing of the larval stage relative to the availability of younger milkweed plants, monarch performance could be negatively affected.</p> <p>3. Here we explore the potential consequences for the eastern monarch population due to probable asynchrony with milkweed. We used field surveys around Ottawa, Canada to determine monarch oviposition preference on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) plants and the seasonal availability of these plants. To determine the potential fitness consequences when females oviposit on non-preferred plants, we conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of milkweed size on monarch larval performance (e.g., development time, final size).</p> <p>4. Preferred oviposition plants (earlier stages of development, better condition) were consistently available in large proportion over the summer season. We also found that declines in leaf quality (more latex, thicker leaves) with plant size did not translate into decreases in larval performance.</p> <p>5. Our results suggest that even if asynchrony of the monarch-milkweed interaction occurs due to climate change, the larval stage of the eastern monarch may not face negative consequences. Future studies should determine how the relative timing of the interaction will change in the region.</p>
Figure 7 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 7. Predation on an Oncopeltus fasciatus reared solely on sunflower
Milkweed plants bought at nurseries may expose monarch caterpillars to harmful pesticide residues
<p>The decline of monarch butterflies in both the eastern and western United States has garnered widespread public interest. Planting milkweeds, their larval host plants, has been promoted as one action individuals can take, but little is known with respect to potential pesticide contamination of store-bought milkweeds. In this study, we collected leaf samples from 235 milkweed plants purchased at 33 retail nurseries across the US to screen for pesticides. Across all samples, we detected 61 different pesticides with an average of 12.2 (±5.0) compounds per plant. While only 9 of these compounds have been experimentally tested on monarch caterpillars, 38 % of samples contained a pesticide above a concentration shown to have a sub-lethal effect for monarchs. We detected only a modest predictive ability of retailer size and milkweed species, and plants with labels advertising their value for wildlife did not have fewer pesticides at concentrations known to have a negative effect on monarchs. These results demonstrate the extensiveness of pesticide exposure within nursery milkweeds and the potential impacts on monarchs and other insects exposed to store-bought plants.</p>
Eastern monarch larval performance may not be affected by shifts in phenological synchrony with milkweed
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Data from: Multilocus phylogenetics of new world milkweed vines (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Gonolobinae)
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Experimental field evidence shows milkweed contaminated with a common neonicotinoid decreases larval survival of monarch butterflies
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Toxin sequestration of milkweed insects and inhibition of their sodium pump constructs
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Data from: The effects of milkweed induced defense on parasite resistance in monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus
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Data from: Mycorrhizae alter constitutive and herbivore-induced volatile emissions by milkweeds
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Sequestration of defenses against predators drives specialized host plant associations in preadapted milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)
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Data from: Induced defences alter the strength and direction of natural selection on reproductive traits in common milkweed
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