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Fig. 2 in Revision of the morphology, phylogenetic relationships, behaviour and diversity of the Iberian and Italian ant-like Tachydromia Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Hybotidae)

Fig. 2. Maximum-likelihood tree (ln L = -29397.646621) based on the combined dataset (COI, nontrimmed 28S,12S, AATS and PGD) using Garli ver. 2.01.1067 and the structural alignment for 28S. Bootstrap support values (below) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (above) are depicted at the nodes (only> 50 or> 0.5, respectively). Abbreviations: BS = Bootstrap support values; PP = Bayesian posterior probabilities. A greyscale is used to highlight the ingroup, where the darkest shade of grey highlights the Iberian flightless ant-like species of Tachydromia Meigen, 1803, followed by a lighter shade which includes T. apterygon Plant & Deeming, 2006, hence representing all the flightless species occurring in southern Europe and, finally, the lighter shade covers all Tachydromia analysed, including the macropterous species assigned to different species groups sensu Chvála (1970). The white bar indicates the species originally assigned to genus Pieltainia Arias, 1919, while the grey bars indicate the taxa originally assigned to genus different species-groups sensu Chvála (1970).

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Fig. 5. Combined tree from Fig. 4 with mapped morphological characters. Numbers above branches represent characters from Table 3. Mapped using WinClada ver. 1.61 in A revision of Scipopus Enderlein including the subgenera Scipopus s. str., Phaeopterina Frey and Parascipopus subgen. nov. (Diptera, Micropezidae, Taeniapterinae)

Fig. 5. Combined tree from Fig. 4 with mapped morphological characters. Numbers above branches represent characters from Table 3. Mapped using WinClada ver. 1.61 (Nixon 1999–2002) with unambiguous characters only.

Figure 5. A, Anokkostenostomum pegephilum. B, A. pseudoacetabulum. C, A. saliens. D, A. tuberculosum. E, A in A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida) based on morphological characters

Figure 5. A, Anokkostenostomum pegephilum. B, A. pseudoacetabulum. C, A. saliens. D, A. tuberculosum. E, A. ventronephrium. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 2. A, Stenostomum glandulosum. B, S. grande. C, S. hemisphericum. D, S. leucops. E, S in A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida) based on morphological characters

Figure 2. A, Stenostomum glandulosum. B, S. grande. C, S. hemisphericum. D, S. leucops. E, S. matarazzoi. Scale bars = 200 Mm.

Figure 3. A, Stenostomum paraguayense. B, S. rosulatum. C, S. simplex. D, S. tenuicauda. E, S. uronephrium. F, S in A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida) based on morphological characters

Figure 3. A, Stenostomum paraguayense. B, S. rosulatum. C, S. simplex. D, S. tenuicauda. E, S. uronephrium. F, S. virginianum. Scale bars = 200 Mm.

Figure 1. A, Stenostomum amphotum. B, S. arevaloi. C, S. bicaudatum. D, S. ciliatum. E, S in A taxonomic revision of South American species of the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida) based on morphological characters

Figure 1. A, Stenostomum amphotum. B, S. arevaloi. C, S. bicaudatum. D, S. ciliatum. E, S. cryptops. Scale bars = 200 Mm.

Figure 17. a–d in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 17. a–d, Stegnaster inflatus (cleared, R = 45 mm, NMV F95675): a, abactinal globose spinelets and granules; b, internal adradial interradius, showing absence of superambulacral plates (left) and presence of superactinal plates (right); c, actinal furrow spines, and granule-covered integument; d, actinal glassy thorn-tipped spines. e–f, Tremaster mirabilis (R = 60 mm, NMV F67741): e, arched body, with abactinal brood chamber pore (arrow); f, ambulacrum showing vertical series of furrow spines.

Figure 15. a–b in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 15. a–b, Paranepanthia platydisca (R = 55 mm, holotype, USNM 32644): a, cleared abactinal ray from upper ray to margin; b, ambulacrum with adambulacral and actinal plates and spines. c, Paranepanthia grandis (R = 50 mm, NMV F73976): section of ray showing superactinal plates supporting margin, and absence of superambulacral plates. d, Patiria miniata (R = 65 mm, NMV F97444): cleared abactinal surface with subpaxilliform clusters of granuliform spinelets. e–f, Patiria pectinifera (R = 40 mm, NMV F95672): e, cleared abactinal surface, with subpaxilliform globose spinelets; f, cleared abactinal surface, with papular spaces, secondary plates and papulae.

Figure 14. a–c in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 14. a–c, Nepanthia pedicellaris (R = 23 mm, holotype, USNM 32643): a, cleared lower lateral ray, and distinct margin; b, abactinal spinelets; c, adambulacral and actinal plates and spines. d, Pseudonepanthia troughtoni (R = 55 mm, NMV F73977): cleared proximal lateral lower ray, margin, and ambulacrum. e, Pseudonepanthia nigrobrunnea (R = 85 mm, NMV F95810): cleared section of ray with single series of superambulacral plates (arrow), and absence of transactinal and superactinal plates. f, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 70 mm, holotype, USNM 36899): internal cleared view of ambulacral plates, with series of superambulacral plates (arrow).

Figure 13. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 13. a, Indianastra inopinata (R = 19 mm, AM J15254): cleared abactinal surface. b–f, Indianastra sarasini (R = 14 mm, WAM Z6835): b, abactinal ray; c, abactinal elongate subsacciform spinelets, and papulae; d, bare superomarginal plates, and tufts of inferomarginal spinelets; e, oral and proximal actinal spines; f, actinal plates and spines.

Figure 12 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 12. Abactinal views of Disasterina species. a, Disasterina abnormalis (R = 11 mm, WAM Z6753). b, Disasterina longispina (R = 25 mm, WAM Z6760).

Figure 10. a–d in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 10. a–d, Callopatiria granifera (R = 50 mm, NMV F98049); a, mid-ray abactinal primary and secondary plates, spinelets and papulae; b, internal superambulacral (left arrow) and superactinal (right arrow) plates; c, cleared lower lateral ray, with marginal plates, glassy convexities, papulae and secondary plates; d, section through ray showing superactinal (left arrow) and superambulacral (right arrow) plates. e, Disasterina abnormalis (R = 38 mm, WAM Z6749): integument-covered inferomarginal plate (arrow) with two distal sacciform spinelets. f, Disasterina longispina (R = 20 mm, WAM Z6760): abactinal tip of ray, with margin and long upper ray spinelet (arrow). g, Meridiastra atyphoida (R = 12 mm, NMV F87166): minute abactinal conical spinelets. h, Meridiastra occidens (R = 22 mm, NMV F73186): proximal actinal interradius, with oral spines. i, Meridiastra gunnii (R = 40 mm, NMV F73248): interradial margin supported by contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates.

Figure 7 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 7. Longitudinal sections through interradii of Anseropoda species, showing internal contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, and absence (b) of superambulacral plates. a, Anseropoda placenta (R = 56 mm, NMV F98043). b, Anseropoda rosacea (R = 82 mm, NMV F95811).

Figure 8. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 8. a, Anseropoda placenta (R = 56 mm, NMV F98043): abactinal plates, spinelets, papulae. b, Anseropoda rosacea (R = 82 mm, NMV F95811): adambulacral and actinal plates and sacciform spines. c–d, Asterina gibbosa (R = 19 mm, NMV F45108): c, actinal interradius with gonopores; d, margin supported by internal contiguous projections from abactinal and actinal plates, absence of superambulacral plates. e, Asterina ocellifera (R = 37 mm, BMNH 1969.12.16.13): margin supported by internal contiguous plate projections, absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates. f–h, Asterinides folium (R = 20 mm, USNM 28573): f, abactinal spinelet clusters and papulae; g, actinal interradius with sacciform spines; h, marginal plates with spinelets. i, Asterinides pompom (R = 14 mm, USNM 47866): abactinal plates with paxilliform elevations.

Figure 5 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 5. Forms of spinelets and spines. a, Meridiastra gunnii (NMV F73248): granuliform abactinal spinelets. b, Parvulastra dyscrita (TM H854): globose abactinal spinelets. c, Paranepanthia grandis (NMV F73976): acicular abactinal spinelets. d, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (USNM 36899): splay-pointed abactinal spinelets. e, Parvulastra dyscrita (TM H854): digitiform actinal spines. f, Disasterina longispina (WAM Z6760): sacciform actinal spines.

Figure 4 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 4. Abactinal views, with plates removed and cleared with bleach to show internal morphology. a–b, Parvulastra dyscrita (R = 24 mm, TM H854): a, series of superambulacral plates linking ambulacral and actinal plates; b, superactinal plates linking abactinal and actinal plates to support the interradial margin. c, Meridiastra oriens (R = 28 mm, NMV F73468): margin supported by internal contiguous projections of abactinal and actinal plates (arrow), absence of superambulacral and superactinal plates. d, Patiria miniata (R = 65 mm, NMV F97444): multiple superactinal plate struts supporting interradial margin. e, Pseudonepanthia troughtoni (R = 85 mm, NMV F73013): series of superambulacral plates, and thick internal tisue lining. f, Nepanthia belcheri (R = 40 mm, NMV F95806): transactinal plates extending transversely across actinal inner ray, and thick internal tissue lining.

Figure 3 in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 3. Abactinal views of type species of Asterinidae genera (continued; Tremaster mirabilis is figure 17e). a, Patiria miniata (R = 67 mm, NMV F98040). b, Patiriella regularis (R = 31 mm, AM J5594). c, Pseudonepanthia gotoi (R = 74 mm, holotype, USNM 36899). d, Pseudopatiria obtusa (R = 54 mm, holotype, BMNH 1938.6.23.24). e, Stegnaster inflatus (R = 45 mm, NMV F95675). f, Tegulaster emburyi (R = 19 mm, holotype, AM J5605).

Figure 11. a in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 11. a, Cryptasterina hystera (R = 11 mm, NMV F98457): abactinal surface with small papulae and granuliform spinelets. b, Parvulastra exigua (R = 10 mm, NMV F98062): abactinal surface with larger papulae and granuliform spinelets.

Figure 9. a–d in A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Figure 9. a–d, Aquilonastra cepheus: a, cleared ray (R = 17 mm, NMV F95793); b, internal superambulacral (left arrow) and superactinal (right arrow) plates (R = 22 mm, WAM Z6778); c, cleared abactinal plates with some sacciform spinelets (R = 17 mm, NMV F95793); d, abactinal margin (R = 22 mm, WAM Z6778). e, Aquilonastra batheri (R = 19 mm, NMV F97441): abactinal carinal plates with tufts of spinelets. f, Aquilonastra coronata (R = 22 mm, NMV F95796): side of ray with paxilliform elevations on upper ray.