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63 results for “morphospace”
Data from: Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace
<p>Rhynchocephalians were a successful, globally distributed group of diapsid reptiles that thrived in the Mesozoic. Multiple species of <em>Clevosaurus</em> existed worldwide in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic, and they are characterised by shearing bladelike teeth perhaps functionally analogous to the carnassial teeth of mammals. Morphometric analysis shows that the dentary morphospace of clevosaurs differs significantly from that of other rhynchocephalians. Five <em>Clevosaurus</em> species occupied islands in the Bristol Channel archipelago of the UK, but generally not those occupied by mammaliaforms, suggesting dietary character displacement. Identifying the diet of such ancient, small tetrapods has been difficult. To identify the nature of their feeding, we apply finite element analysis to two near complete three-dimensional skulls of the species <em>Clevosaurus hudsoni </em>and <em>Clevosaurus cambrica</em> to estimate bite force, resistance to bending and torsion, and the distribution of stresses during biting. Both species had bite forces and tooth pressures sufficient to break apart chitin, indicating that like early Mesozoic mammaliaforms, clevosaurs could feed on tough-shelled beetles and possibly small vertebrates. In addition, the mechanical advantage of the jaws falls within the range of early mammaliaforms, so though we cannot demonstrate niche partitioning between members of both clades, it raises the prospect that they may have been functionally similar.</p>
FIG. 4 in A new species, Lochriea monocarinata n. sp., and its position in the morphospace of the genus Lochriea Scott, 1942 (Conodonta, Mississippian)
FIG. 4. — Morphospace of the P1 elements of Lochriea Scott, 1942.
Common ant species dominate morphospace: unraveling the morphological diversity in the Brazilian Amazon Basin
<p>Rare plant and vertebrate species have been documented to contribute disproportionately to the total morphological structure of species assemblages. These species often possess morphologically extreme traits and occupy the boundaries of morphological space. As rare species are at greater risk of extinction than more widely distributed species, human-induced disturbances can strongly affect ecosystem functions related to assemblage morphology. Here, we assess to what extent the distributions of ant morphological traits are supported by morphologically extreme species and how they are distributed among habitats in a global biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Amazon. We used a morphological database comprising 15 continuous morphological traits and 977 expert-validated ant species distributed across the Brazilian Amazon. We produced species range estimates using species distribution models or alpha hulls (when few records were available). Next, we conducted a principal components analysis to combine traits into a space with reduced dimensionality (morphospace). Then, we identified morphologically extreme species in this space and quantified their contributions to morphological diversity across different habitat types in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. We identified 114 morphologically extreme ant species across the Amazon ant morphospace. These species also accounted for a large percentage of morphospace filling, exceeding 99% representation in the most disturbed habitats in the Amazon. Our results suggest that a few morphologically extreme species capture most of the variation in ant morphology and therefore, the spectrum of ecosystem functions performed by ants in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Further, unlike for many other groups, these extreme morphologies were represented by the set of most common species. These results suggest greater functional redundancy and resilience in Brazilian Amazon ants, but more broadly, they contribute to our understanding of ecological processes that sustain ecosystem functions.</p>
FIGURE A6-1 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data
FIGURE A6-1. Consensus tree based on the seven concatenated genes data set.
Data for: Macroevolution in axial morphospace: Innovations accompanying the transition to marine environments in elapid snakes
<p><span>Sea snakes in the <em>Hydrophis</em>-<em>Microcephalophis</em> clade (Elapidae) show exceptional body shape variation along a continuum from similar forebody and hindbody girths, to dramatically reduced girths of the forebody relative to hindbody. The latter is associated with specialisations on burrowing prey. This variation underpins high sympatric diversity and species richness and is not shared by other marine (or terrestrial) snakes. Here, we examined a hypothesis that macroevolutionary changes in axial development contribute to the propensity, at clade level, for body shape change. We quantified variation in the number and size of vertebrae in two body regions (pre- and post-apex of the heart) for ~94 terrestrial and marine elapids. We found <em>Hydrophis</em>-<em>Microcephalophis</em> exhibit increased rates of vertebral evolution in the pre- versus post-apex regions compared to all other Australasian elapids. Unlike other marine and terrestrial elapids, axial elongation in <em>Hydrophis</em>-<em>Microcephalophis</em> occurs via the preferential addition of vertebrae pre heart apex, which is the region that undergoes concomitant shifts in vertebral number and size during transitions along the relative fore- to hindbody girth axis. We suggest that this macroevolutionary developmental change has potentially acted as a key innovation in <em>Hydrophis</em>-<em>Microcephalophis</em> by facilitating novel (especially burrowing) prey specialisations that are not shared with other marine snakes.</span></p>
Data from: Evolution of plumage patterns in pattern morphospace: A phylogenetic analysis of melanerpine woodpeckers
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‘Picking up signals’ in male genital morphospace and integrating phylogenomics to delimit Neotropical Nylanderia Emery species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
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Data for: Macroevolution in axial morphospace: Innovations accompanying the transition to marine environments in elapid snakes
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Common ant species dominate morphospace: unraveling the morphological diversity in the Brazilian Amazon Basin
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Data from: Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace
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Data from: Restricted morphospace occupancy of early Cambrian reef-building archaeocyaths
The evolution of novel morphologies can signify expansion of a clade into new niches. This can be studied in the fossil record by investigating the morphospace occupancy of organisms, with small morphospaces signifying low morphological disparity and more diffuse morphospaces suggesting a broader range of morphologies adapted to different environments. Morphological disparity of many taxa (arthropods, crinoids, etc.) from the Cambrian to modern intervals have been studied in this manner. However, no study has investigated this in archaeocyaths, which, as reef builders, can have a disproportionate effect on early Cambrian biodiversity relative to their frequency. Here, we collect morphological data on archaeocyathan sponges, mostly from Laurentia. Over 600 museum specimens and 400 field samples were measured for traditional morphometric characters as well as discrete gross morphological characteristics. We find that archaeocyaths have an average cup/individual (body) diameter of 10.6 mm. This is significantly smaller than a selected group of modern demosponges and lithistid sponges which measure 94.1 mm and 66.8 mm in diameter respectively and each has a larger size variance. Archaeocyath gross morphologies are also highly constrained to a few simple morphologies (3-6 categories) while modern demosponges and lithistids are more diverse (9 categories each). These data indicate that Laurentian archaeocyaths were restricted in their morphological disparity, potentially due to limitations imposed by having a robust calcareous skeleton while still maintaining a large intervallum cavity space to facilitate passive entrainment. The fact that these Cambrian reef builders were restricted in their morphological complexity may have had a strong influence on the biodiversity of early Phanerozoic ecosystems. Furthermore, a clade limited to only a few specific morphologies is at an increased risk of extinction.
Data from: Journeys through discrete-character morphospace: synthesising phylogeny, tempo, and disparity
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Data from: Restricted morphospace occupancy of early Cambrian reef-building archaeocyaths
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Data from: Comparing the differential filling of morphospace and allometric space through time: the morphological and developmental dynamics of early Jurassic ammonoids
The evolutionary history of shell geometry of Early Jurassic ammonoids during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian second-order mass extinction is explored at both adult and ontogenetic levels. The ontogenetic approach builds on the concept of allometric space to get insights into the developmental aspects of morphological evolution. Investigation of the deployment of taxa in adult morphospace and allometric space allows the appraisal of the temporal evolution of morphological and allometric disparities. Curves of taxonomic diversity, adult morphological disparity, allometric disparity, and average adult size are contrasted. Results show that during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian interval, ammonoids underwent two successive and drastic declines in taxonomic diversity. Patterns of morphospace and allometric space occupancy suggest nonselective extinction at both morphological and developmental levels. Another measure of allometric disparity suggests the occurrence of two heterochronic trends, a peramorphocline followed by a paedomorphocline, during the Toarcian. These trends are concomitant with changes in average adult size that compensate for the heterochronic effects and explain the striking stability of morphological disparity despite changes in diversity. The results also emphasize the existence of two contrasted evolutionary dynamics in Pliensbachian and Toarcian ammonoids. Methodologically, the allometric disparity approach appears to be a fruitful tool to analyze the rather understudied clade-wide ontogenetic aspects of morphological evolution. Combining multiple approaches to describe clade morphological dynamics leads to a better characterization and understanding of the diversity-disparities relationships and a better distinction of the potential processes driving these macroevolutionary patterns.
Supplementary data to: Trapped in the morphospace: the trade-off between morphological integration and functional performance can limit adaptation
<p>The evolution of complex morphological structures can be seen as the result of interplay between different anatomical units evolving in a coordinated fashion. These can be influenced by genetic, developmental and/or functional integration in response to selective pressures. Using the highly derived humeral morphology of talpid moles as model, here we test whether functional specialization (measured as performance) can be linked to increased levels of morphological integration and, if so, what is the extent of the relationship. Combining 2D geometric morphometrics, phylogenetic comparative methods and functional landscape modelling, we demonstrate that the high biomechanical performance of subterranean moles was coupled with a high degree of integration, whereas less specialized taxa displayed intermediate or low magnitudes of integration. Theoretical morphs occurring in high-performance areas of the functional landscape not covered by any species showed a marked drop in covariation levels, suggesting the existence of a genuine tradeoff between integration and performance in the evolution of talpid moles. We argue that the remarkable stability of the subterranean environment may have helped constraining humeral morphology over a restricted area of the functional landscape, trapping subterranean moles in a narrow region of the landscape, impeding any attempt to reposition on a new ascending slope.</p>
FIGURE 8 in Morphospace dynamics and intraspecies variety of Sorex araneus and S. tundrensis according to recent and fossil data
FIGURE 8. Results of PCA based on the combined 'Fossil/Recent' datasets of m1 shape. A, m1 morphospace of PC1-2. B1, inset with the relationships between samples and single specimens of S. tundrensis based on the m1 set. B2, Similar inset with data of S. araneus. Key: a, re-defined specimens of S. araneus (to S. tundrensis: Sim3, S18 and S19); line 'Cher 1,' association of fossil specimens of S. araneus from Cher1 locality; hatched area displays the overall convex hull of Dan' S. tundrensis subsample;line 'Sim3,' association of fossil specimens of S. araneus from Sim3 locality; see also Figure 5.
Data from: A morphospace of planktonic marine diatoms, parts I and II
NOTE: PLEASE ALSO SEE Kotrc B, Knoll AH (2015) A morphospace of planktonic marine diatoms. II. Sampling standardization and spatial disparity partitioning. Paleobiology 41(1): 68-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2014.5. Both molecular clocks and the first appearances of major groups in the fossil record suggest that most of the range of diatom morphologies observed today had evolved by the end of the Cretaceous Period. Despite this, a canonical reading of the Cenozoic fossil record suggests a dramatic rise in taxonomic diversity that can be interpreted as an explosion of morphological variety. We investigated this apparent discrepancy by using a discrete-character-based, empirical diatom morphospace, resolved by molecular phylogeny and by fossil occurrences through time. The morphospace shows little correspondence to phylogeny and little Cenozoic change in disparity as measured by mean pairwise distance. There is, however, an increase in the total volume of morphospace occupied. Although the increase in occupied volume through time ostensibly supports a conclusion of increasing morphological variety, sampling biases and other data suggest an underlying stationary pattern more consistent with molecular clock data.
Data from: Westermann Morphospace displays ammonoid shell shape and hypothetical paleoecology
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Supplementary data to: Trapped in the morphospace: the trade-off between morphological integration and functional performance can limit adaptation
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Data from: Clines arc through multivariate morphospace
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Allen Brain Atlas
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