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425 results for “motility”
Data from: The function and evolution of motile DNA replication systems in ciliates
<p>DNA replication is a ubiquitous, complex, and conserved cellular process. However, regulation of DNA replication is only understood in a small fraction of organisms that poorly represent the diversity of genetic systems in nature. Here we used a combination of computational and experimental approaches to examine the function and evolution of one such system, the replication band (RB) in spirotrich ciliates, which is a localized, motile hub that traverses the macronucleus while replicating DNA. We show that the RB can take unique physical forms in different species, ranging from polar bands to a "replication envelope", where replication initiates at the nuclear periphery and advances centripetally inwards. Furthermore, we identified genes involved in cellular transport, including calcium transporters and cytoskeletal regulators, that are associated with the RB and may be involved in its function and translocation. These findings reveal the complex evolution and diversity of motile DNA replication systems and raise new possibilities regarding the regulation of nuclear organization and processes.</p>
Data from: Cancer cell lines show high heritability for motility but not generation time
<p>Tumour evolution depends on heritable differences between cells in traits affecting cell survival or replication. It is well-established that cancer cells are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous; however, the extent to which this phenotypic variation is heritable is far less well-explored. Here we estimate the broad-sense heritability (H2) of two cell traits related to cancer hallmarks - cell motility and generation time - within populations of four cancer cell lines in vitro, and find that motility is strongly heritable. This heritability is stable across multiple cell generations, with heritability values at the high end of those measured for a range of traits in natural populations of animals or plants. These findings confirm a central assumption of cancer evolution, provide a first quantification of the evolvability of key traits in cancer cells, and indicate that there is ample raw material for experimental evolution in cancer cell lines. Generation time, a trait directly affecting cell fitness, shows substantially lower values of heritability than cell speed, consistent with its having been under directional selection removing heritable variation.</p>
Data from: Sperm morphology, sperm motility and paternity success in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica)
<p>Postcopulatory sexual selection may select for male primary sexual characteristics like sperm morphology and sperm motility, through sperm competition or cryptic female choice. However, how such characteristics influence male fertilization success remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate possible correlations between sperm characteristics and paternity success in the socially monogamous bluethroat (<em>Luscinia svecica svecica</em>), predicting that sperm length and sperm swimming speed is positively correlated with paternity success. In total, 25 % (15/61) of broods contained extra-pair offspring and 10 % (33/315) of the offspring were sired by extra-pair males. Paternity success did not correlate significantly with sperm morphology or any aspects of sperm motility. Furthermore, sperm morphology and sperm motility did not correlate significantly with male morphological characters that previously have been shown to be associated with paternity success. Thus, the sperm characteristics investigated here do not appear to be strong predictors of paternity success in bluethroats.</p>
Figure 30 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 30. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, pharate male inside a deutonymph #1-7, ventral) – Podosoma (PO) with duplicate sternal-genital setae ST1-ST5 and tritosternum (TRI) on integument. Sternogenital shield (SGS), male genital opening, and duplicate opisthosomal setae barely seen [PE-DN = peritreme of deutonymph, PE-M = peritreme of male; original magnification = 200×].
Figure 29 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 29. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, pharate male inside a deutonymph #1-3, dorsal) – Duplicate setae j1, j3, j4, j5, j6, z2, z4, z5, and s4 on podonotal shield; s6 and r3 on podosomal integument; J2, (J5 not visible), Z4, Z5 on opisthonotal shield; and R1 on opisthosomal integument. Duplicate peritremes (PE) and sigilla (SI) also seen [original magnification = 200×].
Figure 27 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 27. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, pharate female inside a deutonymph #1-1, dorsal) – Duplicate setae j1, j3, j4, j5, j6, z2, z4, z5, and s4 on podonotal shield; s6 and r3 on podosomal integument; J2, (minute J5 not visible), Z4, Z5 on opisthonotal shield; and R1 on opisthosomal integument. Duplicate peritremes (PE) and sigilla (SI) also seen [original magnification = 200×].
Figures 25–26 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 25–26. Hemipteroseius indicus (Menon, slide #6, female #1) – 25. Photo # 8 - Dorsal gnathosoma (D-GN) with chelicerae; 26. Photo # 9 - Ventral gnathosoma (V-GN) with different structures [CDE = capitular denticle, CDER = capitular denticle row, CG = capitular groove, CO = corniculus, CS = capitular seta, HY = hypostomal seta, and left and right legs I [original magnification, both = 400×].
Figures 23–24 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 23–24. Hemipteroseius indicus (Menon, slide #6, female #1, photo # 7, ventral) – 23. Sternal shield (SS) and genital shield (GS) with respective setae on each and on the integument in between legs I-IV. Peritreme (PE) under coxa III seen; 24. Opisthosoma posterior to coxae IV showing ventrianal shield (VAS) and associated setae [MEGS = metagenital sclerites, original magnification = 200×].
Figure 19 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 19. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, normal deutonymph #1–21, ventral) – Podosoma (PO) with tritosternum (TRI) and sternal setae ST1-ST4, and opisthosoma (OP) with genital setae ST5 - all on integument. Legs I-IV and dorsal setae j4, j5 (j5 located close to each other than j4), j6, z2, z4, z5, s4, and s6 on podosoma and J2 on opisthosoma barely seen [original magnification = 400×].
Figures 6–7 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 6–7. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104170, TC, slide #6, larva #2) – 6. Photo #28, dorsal: Enlarged left legs I and II with one macroseta (pd1) on each femur and genu; 7. Photo #31, dorsal: Enlarged left leg III with one macroseta (pd1) only on genu [III = leg III; original magnification = 400×].
Figure 21 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 21. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, normal deutonymph #1-17, dorsal) – Gnathosoma (GN) showing chelicerae (CH), reduced fixed digit (FD), and long movable digit (MD) with 2 denticles (DE = 2) posterior to curved tip. Right palp (R-PA) with apotele (APO), podonotal shield (PS), and legs I (I) from coxa (CX) to tarsus (TA) without knobbed macrosetae on femur (FE) but left genu (GE) with knobbed macroseta. Note dorsal distal tarsus (TA) with many dorsal setae located close to each other (arrow) [I-IV = legs I-IV; original magnification = 400×].
Figure 20 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 20. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, normal deutonymph #1-23, ventral) – Podosoma (PO) with sternal setae ST3 and ST4 on integument. Opisthosoma (OP) with genital setae ST5, ventral setae JV2, JV4, JV5, ZV1, ZV2, and ZV3 on integument. Pair of paraanal (PAA), single postanal seta (POA) and several dorsal setae (j6, J2, Z4, and Z5) barely seen [I-IV = legs I-IV; original = 400×].
Figure 13 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 13. Hemipteroseius indicus (VP74-43, PAU #3, slide #2, protonymph, photo #17, ventral, anterior) – Podosoma (PO) with tritosternum (TRI) between coxae I and sternal setae ST1 and ST2 between coxae II - all on integument. Ventral gnathosoma (V-GN) with capitular setae (CS), capitular gutter (CG), hypostomal setae (HY1-HY3), chelicerae (CH), and palps (PA) [original magnification = 400×].
Figure 12 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 12. Hemipteroseius indicus (VP74-43, PAU #3, slide #2, protonymph, photo #20, dorsal, posterior) – Podonotal shield (PS) with setae j4, j5, j6, z2, z4, z5, and s4. Mesonotal sclerites (MES) without seta. Setae r3 and s6 on podosomal and R1 and J2 on opisthosomal integument. Pygidial shield with setae J5, Z4 and Z5. Short peritreme (PE) and parts of left legs I-IV also seen [original magnification = 400×].
Figures 4–5 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 4–5. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104170, TC, slide #6) – 4. Larva #1, photo #16, ventral: Idiosoma with setae ST1, ST2, ST3, and JV2 on integument. Peritremes absent. Bifurcate tritosternum (TRI) and parts of legs I-III also seen; 5. Larva #2, photo #26, ventral: Setae JV2 and terminal anus with pair of paraanal (PAA) and single postanal (POA) setae [original magnification = 400×].
Figures 17–18 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 17–18. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104177, TC, slide #7, normal deutonymph #1–18, 1–20, dorsal) – 17. Podonotal shield with j1, j3, j4, j5, j6, z2, z4, z5, and s4; 18. Opisthonotal shield with J2, J5, Z4, and Z5 with knobbed tip. Setae s6 and r3 on podosomal (PO) and R1 on opisthosomal (OP) integument. Knobbed macroseta on femur II. Longer peritreme (PE) than in PN [original = 400×].
Figure 3 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 3. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104170, TC, slide #6, larva #2, photo #16, dorsal) – Enlarged pygidial shield (PYS) with left seta Z4. Left mesonotal sclerite (L-MES) in between PS and PYS [original magnification = 400×].
Figure 15 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 15. Hemipteroseius indicus (VP74-43, PAU #3, slide #2, protonymph, photo #24, dorsal - anterior) – Podosoma (PO) with legs I-III showing single macroseta (pd1) on each femur (FE) and genu (GE) of legs I-III [PS = podosomal shield; original magnification = 400×].
Figure 11 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figure 11. Hemipteroseius indicus (VP74-43, PAU #3, slide #2, protonymph, photo #21, dorsal, anterior) – Podonotal shield with lateral cleavage and setae j1, j3, j4, j5, j6, z2, z4, z5, and s4. Triangular mesonotal sclerites (MES). Setae r3 and s6 on podosomal and R1 and J2 on opisthosomal integument. Peritreme (PE) also seen [CLE = cleavage, FOL = fold, PYS = pygidial shield; original magnification = 400×].
Figures 8–10 in Description of motile immature stages of Hemipteroseius indicus (Krantz & Khot) (Acari: Otopheidomenidae)
Figures 8–10. Hemipteroseius indicus (OSAL 0104170, TC, slides #6, larvae #1–2, dorsal) – 8. Right legs I-II (larva #1, photo #9); 9. Right leg III (larva #1, photo #22) with one macroseta (pd1) on each femur and genu of which one on genu I with knobbed tip; 10 (larva #2, photo #14): Movable digit of chelicera with 2 denticles [I-III = legs I-III; original magnification = 400×].
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