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57 results for “naturalisation”
FIGURE 4. Stachyphrynium parvum. A. Habit. B in Notes on Singaporean native Zingiberales II: revision of Marantaceae, with a new generic record and notes on naturalised and commonly cultivated exotic species
FIGURE 4. Stachyphrynium parvum. A. Habit. B. Detail of leaf blade bases showing pulvini. C. Base of plant with an inflorescence. D. Detail of inflorescence and flower. E. Detail of flower (front view). F. Detail of flower (side view). Based on SNG-189. (Photos: Jana Leong-Škorničková)
FIGURE 2. Phrynium hirtum. A–B in Notes on Singaporean native Zingiberales II: revision of Marantaceae, with a new generic record and notes on naturalised and commonly cultivated exotic species
FIGURE 2. Phrynium hirtum. A–B. Habit, detail of lower side of the lamina in inset. C. Detail of inflorescence (side view). D. Detail of flowers (front view). E. Detail of fruit and seeds (scale in mm). F. Detail of infructescence. Based on SNG-348. (Photos: Jana LeongŠkorničková)
FIGURE 1. Donax canniformis. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C in Notes on Singaporean native Zingiberales II: revision of Marantaceae, with a new generic record and notes on naturalised and commonly cultivated exotic species
FIGURE 1. Donax canniformis. A. Habit. B. Inflorescence. C. Detail of flowers (side view). D. Detail of flowers (front view). E. Infructescence with detail of seeds (in inset, scale in mm). F. Detail of flowers in dorsal view, also showing the bracteoles. Based on SNG- 333. (Photos: Jana Leong-Škorničková)
FIGURE 3. A in A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated
FIGURE 3. A selection of kalanchoes that is cultivated, but not naturalised or invasive, in Africa. A. Kalanchoe rotundifolia. B. Kalanchoe humilis. C. Kalanchoe ×kewensis. D. Kalanchoe sexangularis. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 4. A in A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated
FIGURE 4. A selection of kalanchoes that should not be cultivated in Africa, and where encountered, eradicated. A. Kalanchoe ×houghtonii. B. Kalanchoe laetivirens. C. Kalanchoe scandens. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 2. A in A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated
FIGURE 2. A selection of kalanchoes that is naturalised in Africa. A. Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri. B. Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi, showing plantlets that are in the early stages of development in the notches between the crenulations on the margin of a leaf still attached to the plant; C. Kalanchoe beharensis. D. Kalanchoe daigremontiana. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.
FIGURE 1 in A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated
FIGURE 1. Kalanchoes that are invasive in Africa. A. Kalanchoe pinnata, showing plantlets that developed in the notches between the crenulations on the margin of a severed leaf. B. Kalanchoe prolifera. C. Kalanchoe tubiflora. All photographs: Gideon F. Smith.
Data from: Testing weed risk assessment paradigms: intraspecific differences in performance and naturalisation risk outweigh interspecific differences in alien Brassica
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Data from: Linking Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis and Elton's diversity‐invasibility hypothesis in experimental grassland communities
1. Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis posing that phylogenetic distance of alien species to native residents predicts invasion success, and Elton's diversity‐invasibility hypothesis posing that diversity of native communities confers resistance to invasion, are both rooted in ideas of species coexistence. Because the two hypotheses are inherently linked, the mechanisms underlying them may interact in driving the invasion success. Even so, these links and interactions have not been explicitly disentangled in one experimental study before. 2. To disentangle the links between the two hypotheses, we used 36 native grassland herbs to create greenhouse mesocosms with 90 grassland communities of different diversities, and introduced each of five herbaceous alien species as seeds and seedlings. We used phylogeny and four functional traits (plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, seed mass) to calculate different measures of phylogenetic and functional distance and diversity. Specifically, we tested how the alien‐native distance (phylogenetic or functional) and the native diversity (phylogenetic or functional) affected each other in their effects on germination, seedling survival, growth and reproduction of the aliens. 3. Overall, our results supported both hypotheses. Multivariate functional distance based on four traits jointly had stronger positive effects than phylogenetic distance and the univariate ones based on each trait separately. Moreover, the aliens were more successful if they were more competitive by being taller and having larger leaves with a lower SLA than the native residents. Univariate functional diversity based on each trait separately had stronger negative effects than phylogenetic and multivariate functional diversity. Most importantly, we found that the effects of alien‐native phylogenetic and multivariate functional distance became stronger as diversity increased. Our analyses with single traits also showed that the strength of the effects of both alien‐native hierarchical functional distances (indicative of competitive inequalities) and absolute functional distances (indicative of niche differences) increased at higher diversities, where competition is more severe. 4. SynthesisOur study explicitly demonstrates for the first time how the mechanisms underlying the two classical invasion hypotheses interact in driving invasion success in grassland communities. This may help to explain some of the puzzling results of studies testing either of the two hypotheses.
FIGURE 3 in Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 3. Pretarsi in the Tetranychidae. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Time lags and the invasion debt in plant naturalisations
Ecological processes often exhibit time lags. For plant invasions, lags of decades to centuries between species' introduction and establishment in the wild (naturalisation) are common, leading to the idea of an invasion debt: accelerating rates of introduction result in an expanding pool of introduced species that will naturalise in the future. Here, I show how a concept from survival analysis, the hazard function, provides an intuitive way to understand and forecast time lags. For plant naturalisation, theoretical arguments predict that lags between introduction and naturalisation will have a unimodal distribution, and that increasing horticultural activity will cause the mean and variance of lag times to decline over time. These predictions were supported by data on introduction and naturalisation dates for plant species introduced to Britain. While increasing trade and horticultural activity can generate an invasion debt by accelerating introductions, the same processes could lower that debt by reducing lag times.
Data from: Linking Darwin's naturalisation hypothesis and Elton's diversity‐invasibility hypothesis in experimental grassland communities
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Time lags and the invasion debt in plant naturalisations
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FIGURE 27 in Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 27. Tetranychus pacificus McGregor, female. (a) Pretarsus I, IV; (b) Transverse pattern of dorsal striae between setae e and f; (c) Pregenital striae; (d) Pregenital striae, different specimen. Male. (e) Pretarsi I and II; (f) Aedeagus, different specimens.
FIGURE 23 in Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 23. Tetranychus marianae McGregor, female. (a) Pretarsus III; (b) Tarsi I, dorsal and ventral view, dashed line indicates level of proximal duplex setae; (c) Diamond-shaped pattern of dorsal striae between setae e and f; (d) Ventral striae between setae 3a. Male. (e) Pretarsus I; (f) Pretarsus II; (g) Aedeagus.
FIGURE 12 in Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 12. Tetranychus desertorum Banks, female. (a) Pretarsus I; (b) Weak diamond-shaped pattern of dorsal striae between setae e and f; (c) Pregenital striae. Male: (d) Aedeagus; (e) Pretarsus I; (f) Pretarsus II.
FIGURE 6 in Identification of exotic pest and Australian native and naturalised species of Tetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
FIGURE 6. Genitoanal region of Tetranychus. Only setal sockets drawn. Scale bar = 50 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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