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83 results for “offspring fitness”
Data from: Intergenerational effects of inbreeding in Nicrophorus vespilloides: offspring suffer fitness costs when either they or their parents are inbred
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Data from: Post-hatching parental care masks the effects of egg size on offspring fitness: a removal experiment on burying beetles
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Data from: Effects of prior contest experience and contest outcome on female reproductive decisions and offspring fitness
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Data from: Paternal care in a fish: epigenetics and fitness enhancing effects on offspring anxiety
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Data from: Offspring fitness and the optimal propagule size in a fluctuating environment
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Stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), improve offspring fitness by avoiding oviposition substrates with competitors or parasites
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Data from: Collective dispersal leads to variance in fitness and maintains offspring size variation within marine populations
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Data from: Constraints imposed by a natural landscape override offspring fitness effects to shape oviposition decisions in wild forked fungus beetles
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Data from: Biparental care is more than the sum of its parts: experimental evidence for synergistic effects on offspring fitness
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Data from: Are there indirect fitness benefits of female extra-pair reproduction? Lifetime reproductive success of within-pair and extra-pair offspring
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Influence of genetic compatibility on offspring fitness in the red-backed toadlet
<p>Presented are data from a manipulative study investigating the influence of parental genetic compatibility on offspring viability in the red backed toadlet (<em>Pseudophryne coriacea</em>). The study used artificial fertilisation techniques combined with a cross-classified breeding design (North Carolina type II) to control parentage and partition sources of genetic and phenotypic variance in offspring fitness. The study also tested the influence of parental genetic similarity on offspring viability. Quantitative genetic analysis of the data revealed no significant additive genetic effects (sire effects), but highly significant non-additive genetic effects (sire x dam interaction effects), on fertilisation success, survival during embryonic development, and hatching success. Analysis also revealled significant associations between parental genetic similarity and offspring survival (whereby survival was higher when parents were more related), and significant positive relationships between fertilisation success and embryo survival through to hatching.</p>
Data from: Sexual selection has minimal impact on effective population sizes in species with high rates of random offspring mortality: an empirical demonstration using fitness distributions
The effective population size (Ne) is a fundamental parameter in population genetics that influences the rate of loss of genetic diversity. Sexual selection has the potential to reduce Ne by causing the sex-specific distributions of individuals that successfully reproduce to diverge. To empirically estimate the effect of sexual selection on Ne, we obtained fitness distributions for males and females from an outbred, laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster. We observed strong sexual selection in this population (the variance in male reproductive success was ∼14 times higher than that for females), but found that sexual selection had only a modest effect on Ne, which was 75% of the census size. This occurs because the substantial random offspring mortality in this population diminishes the effects of sexual selection on Ne, a result that necessarily applies to other high fecundity species. The inclusion of this random offspring mortality creates a scaling effect that reduces the variance/mean ratios for male and female reproductive success and causes them to converge. Our results demonstrate that measuring reproductive success without considering offspring mortality can underestimate Ne and overestimate the genetic consequences of sexual selection. Similarly, comparing genetic diversity among different genomic components may fail to detect strong sexual selection.
Data from: A multigenerational effect of parental age on offspring size but not fitness in common duckweed (Lemna minor)
Classic theories on the evolution of senescence make the simplifying assumption that all offspring are of equal quality, so that demographic senescence only manifests through declining rates of survival or fecundity. However, there is now evidence that, in addition to declining rates of survival and fecundity, many organisms are subject to age-related declines in the quality of offspring produced (i.e. parental age effects). Recent modelling approaches allow for the incorporation of parental age effects into classic demographic analyses, assuming that such effects are limited to a single generation. Does this 'single-generation' assumption hold? To find out, we conducted a laboratory study with the aquatic plant Lemna minor, a species for which parental age effects have been demonstrated previously. We compared the size and fitness of 423 lab-cultured plants (asexually-derived ramets) representing various birth orders, and ancestral 'birth-order genealogies'. We found that offspring size and fitness both declined with increasing 'immediate' birth order (i.e. birth order with respect to the immediate parent), but only offspring size was affected by ancestral birth order. Thus, the assumption that parental age effects on offspring fitness are limited to a single generation does in fact hold for L. minor. This result will guide theorists aiming to refine and generalise modelling approaches that incorporate parental age effects into evolutionary theory on senescence.
Data from: Impaired sperm quality, delayed mating but no costs for offspring fitness in crickets winning a fight
The outcome of male-male contest competition is known to affect male mating success and is believed to confer fitness benefits to females through preference for dominant males. However, by mating with contest winners, females can incur significant costs spanning from decreased fecundity to negative effects on offspring. Hence identifying costs and benefits of male dominance on female fitness is crucial to unravel the potential for a conflict of interests between the sexes. Here we investigated males' pre- and post-copulatory reproductive investment and its effect on female fitness after a single contest a using the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We allowed males to fight, and immediately measured their mating behaviour, sperm quality, and offspring viability. We found that males experiencing a fight, independently of the outcome, delayed matings but their courtship effort was not affected. However, winners produced sperm of lower quality (viability) compared to losers and to males that did not experience fighting. Results suggest a trade-off in resource allocation between pre- and post-mating episodes of sexual selection. Despite lower ejaculate quality we found no fitness costs (fecundity and viability of offspring) for females mated to winners. Overall our findings highlight the importance of considering fighting ability when assessing male reproductive success, as winners may be impaired in their competitiveness at a post-mating level.
Data from: Post-copulatory opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice provide no offspring fitness benefits in externally fertilizing salmon
There is increasing evidence that females can somehow improve their offspring fitness by mating with multiple males, but we understand little about the exact stage(s) at which such benefits are gained. Here, we measure whether offspring fitness is influenced by mechanisms operating solely between sperm and egg. Using externally fertilizing and polyandrous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), we employed split-clutch and split-ejaculate in vitro fertilization experiments to generate offspring using designs that either denied or applied opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Following fertilizations, we measured 140 days of offspring fitness after hatch, through growth and survival in hatchery and near-natural conditions. Despite an average composite mortality of 61%, offspring fitness at every life stage was near-identical between groups fertilized under the absence versus presence of opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Of the 21 551 and 21 771 eggs from 24 females fertilized under monandrous versus polyandrous conditions, 68% versus 67.8% survived to the 100-day juvenile stage; sub-samples showed similar hatching success (73.1% versus 74.3%), had similar survival over 40 days in near-natural streams (57.3% versus 56.2%) and grew at similar rates throughout. We therefore found no evidence that gamete-specific interactions allow offspring fitness benefits when polyandrous fertilization conditions provide opportunities for sperm competition and cryptic female choice.
Data from: Environmental stress increases the magnitude of nonadditive genetic variation in offspring fitness in the frog Crinia georgiana
When organisms encounter heterogeneous environments, selection may favor the ability of individuals to tailor their phenotypes to suit the prevailing conditions. Understanding the genetic basis of plastic responses is therefore vital for predicting whether susceptible populations can adapt and persist under new selection pressures. Here, we investigated whether there is potential for adaptive plasticity in development time in the quacking frog Crinia georgiana, a species experiencing a drying climate. Using a North Carolina II breeding design, we exposed 90 family groups to two water depth treatments (baseline and low-water) late in larval development. We estimated the contribution of additive and non-additive sources of genetic variation to early offspring fitness under both environments. Our results revealed a marked decline in larval fitness under the stressful (low-water) rearing environment, but also that additive genetic variation was negligible for all traits. However, in most cases we found significant sire-by-dam interactions, indicating the importance of non-additive genetic variation for offspring fitness. Moreover, sire-by-dam interactions were modified by the treatment, indicating that patterns of non-additive genetic variance depend on environmental context. For all traits, we found higher levels of non-additive genetic variation (relative to total phenotypic variation) when larvae were reared under stressful conditions, suggesting that the fitness costs associated with incompatible parental crosses (e.g. homozygous deleterious recessive alleles) will only be expressed when water availability is low. Taken together, our results highlight the need to consider patterns of non-additive genetic variation under contrasting selective regimes when considering the resilience of species to environmental change.
Fig. 2. Total offspring produced when female Anagyrus pseudococci were provided with 1 in The effect of buckwheat flowers and cahaba vetch extrafloral nectaries on fitness of the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenotpera: Encyrtidae)
Fig. 2. Total offspring produced when female Anagyrus pseudococci were provided with 1 potted vetch (Vicia sativa) plant, 1 potted buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) plant, or only water in the laboratory. Different letters indicate significant differences (Tukey's studentized range test: P <0.05) between treatment foods (ANOVA: F = 14.93, df = 2, P <0.0001).
No evidence for increased fitness of offspring from multigenerational effects of parental size or natal carcass size in the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus
<p>Multigenerational effects (often called maternal effects) are components of the offspring phenotype that result from the parental phenotype and the parental environment as opposed to heritable genetic effects. Multigenerational effects are widespread in nature and are often studied because of their potentially important effects on offspring traits. Although multigenerational effects are commonly observed, few studies have addressed whether they affect offspring fitness. In this study we assess the effect of potential multigenerational effects of parental body size and natal carcass size on lifetime fitness in the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus marginatus</i> (Coleoptera; Silphidae). Lifespan, total number of offspring, and number of offspring in the first reproductive bout were not significantly related to parental body size or natal carcass size. However, current carcass size used for reproduction was a significant predictor for lifetime number of offspring and number of offspring in the first brood. We find no evidence that multigenerational effects from larger parents or larger natal carcasses contribute to increased fitness of offspring.</p>
Data from: Offspring social network structure predicts fitness in families
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No evidence for increased fitness of offspring from multigenerational effects of parental size or natal carcass size in the burying beetle Nicrophorus marginatus
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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