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Fig. 9. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 9. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A. Echiodon heinzelini Huyghebaert & Nolf, 1979, Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9787). B. Hoplobrotula aff. armata (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846), Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9788). C. Neobythites auriculatus sp. nov., Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9688 (holotype). D–E. Carapus acus (Brünnich, 1768); D. Torrente Stirone, E. Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9789–P 9790). F–G. Bythitidae indet., Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9791–P 9792). H. Grammonus bassolii (Nolf, 1980), Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9793). I. Chaunax lobatus (Bassoli, 1906), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9794). J–L. Scopelogadus sp.; J. Alba, Tanaro (5 m), K. Stazzano, L. Alba, Tanaro (50 m) (IRSNB P 9795–P 9797). M. Mugilidae indet., Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9798). N. Phycis musicki Cohen & Lavenberg, 1984, Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9799). O. Melamphaes sp., Alba, Tanaro (50 m) (IRSNB P 9802). P. Micromesistius planatus (Bassoli & Schubert, 1906), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9803). Q–R. "Scorpaena" zibinica (Bassoli, 1909), Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9800–P 9801). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view; 3 = anterior view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 13 in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 13. Placement of the Tortonian otolith-based fauna in time and space. Number of the Tortonian nominal species shared by various otolith assemblages is indicated separately in extinct and living species. Note that the investigated otolith assemblages within each geological time interval (Series / Stage) are not placed choronologically.

Fig. 5. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 5. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A. Diaphus holti Tåning, 1918, Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9732). B. Diaphus metopoclampoides Steurbaut, 1983, Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9733). C–E. Diaphus regani Tåning, 1932, Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9734–P 9736). F–G. Diaphus pedemontanus (Robba, 1970), Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9737–P 9738). H. Diaphus aff. rafinesquii (Cocco, 1838), Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9739). I. Diaphus aff. splendidus (Brauer, 1904), Costa Vescovato (IRSNB P 9740). J. Diaphus cahuzaci Steurbaut, 1979, Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9741). K. Lampadena aff. dea Fraser-Brunner, 1949, Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9742). L. Lampadena aff. speculigeroides Brzobohatý & Nolf, 1996, Stazzano (IRSNB P 9743). M. Hygophum hygomii (Lütken, 1892), Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9744). N–O. Lampadena gracilis (Schubert, 1912); N. Alba, Tanaro (50 m), O. Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9745–P 9746). P–Q. Lobianchia gemellarii (Cocco, 1838), Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9747–P 9748). R. Hygophum derthonensis (Anfossi & Mosna, 1969), Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9749). S–T. Lampanyctus latesulcatus Nolf & Steurbaut, 1983, Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9750–P 9751). U. Merluccius cf. merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758), Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9752). V. Lobianchia dofleini (Zugmayer, 1911), Costa Vescovato (IRSNB P 9753). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 8. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A. Coelorinchus caelorhincus (Risso, 1810), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9772). B. Coryphaenoides contortus (Bassoli, 1906), Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9773). C–D. "Merluccius" rattazzii sp. nov., Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9686 (holotype)–P 9687). E–F. Coryphaenoides biobtusus sp. nov., Alba, Tanaro (5 m) (IRSNB P 9684 (holotype)–P 9685). G–H. Nezumia aff. sclerorhynchus (Valenciennes, 1838), Alba, Tanaro (5 m) (IRSNB P 9774–P 9775). I–J. Moridae indet., Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9776–P 9777). K. Nezumia ornata (Bassoli, 1906), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9778). L–M. Coelorinchus robustus (Robba, 1970); L. Stazzano, M. Sant'Alosio (IRSNB P 9779–P 9780). N. Gadiculus labiatus (Schubert, 1905), Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9781). O–P. Melanonus paralyconus Schwarzhans, 1986, Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9782– P 9783). Q–R. Melanonus triangulus (Robba, 1970), Costa Vescovato (IRSNB P 9784–P 9785). S. Gadiculus argenteus Guichenot, 1850, Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9786). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Appendix. Generic nomenclature adopted in the present paper for the nominal species of the Tortonian, which were previously reported under open generic nomenclature. in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Appendix. Generic nomenclature adopted in the present paper for the nominal species of the Tortonian, which were previously reported under open generic nomenclature.

Fig. 7. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 7. Tortonian fish otoliths from northern Italy. A. Scopelopsis pliocenicus (Anfossi & Mosna, 1976), Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9754). B–C. Myctophum coppa Girone, Nolf & Cavallo, 2010, Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9755–P 9756). D. Myctophum fitchi (Schwarzhans, 1979), Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9757). E–F. Notoscopelus bolini Nafpaktitis, 1975, Torrente Stirone (IRSNB P 9760– P 9761). G–H. Myctophum punctatum Rafinesque,1810, Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9758–P 9759). I. Notoscopelus aff. caudispinosus (Johnson, 1863), Mondovi, Madonna della Neve (IRSNB P 9764). J–K. Notoscopelus elongatus (Costa, 1844), Costa Vescovato (IRSNB P 9762–P 9763). L. Notoscopelus resplendens (Richardson, 1845), Gallo D'Alba (IRSNB P 9765). M–O. Bregmaceros sp., Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9766–P 9768). P. Bathygadus novus (Bassoli, 1906), Sant'Agata Fossili (IRSNB P 9769). Q. Coelorinchus arthaberi (Schubert, 1905), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9770). R. Trachyrincus scabrus (Rafinesque, 1810), Montegibbio (IRSNB P 9771). 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in Tortonian teleost otoliths from northern Italy: taxonomic synthesis and stratigraphic significance

Fig. 6. Recent otoliths of Lobianchia gemellarii (Cocco, 1838). A, C, E–F, I. Strait of Messina, fish total length (TL) 9.0 cm, 9.0 cm, 8.1 cm, 7.0 cm and 7.0 cm, respectively. B, D, G–H, J. Off Canaries, TL 9.0 cm, 9.0 cm, 4.8 cm, 9.0 cm and 4.8 cm, respectively. 1 = ventral view; 2 = inner view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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Photos and measurements of otoliths from fish caught in the southern part of the North Sea

Photos and measurements of otoliths from fish caught in the southern part of the North Sea is a photo dataset published by the <a href="https://www.inbo.be/en">Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO)</a>. It contains photos of fish otoliths – taken by a binocular microscope on a black background and edited to include a ruler – and measurement/reference data for these otoliths and fish. The dataset can be used as reference data to identify fish species in the southern part of the North Sea based on their otoliths, e.g. dietary/food ecology research of seabirds. Files <ul> <li>reference_data.csv: Fish information (scientific name, sampling information, length) and otolith measurements (width/height). Each row corresponds to a fish, which <code>fish_id</code> can be found in the otolith photo name.</li> <li>Scientific name.zip: Photos of otoliths, grouped by species. Photo names are of the form <code>fish_id_suffix.jpg</code>, where <code>suffix</code> indicates if it was a left (<code>Lx</code>) or right (<code>Rx</code>) sagittal otolith or a smaller lapillus/asteriscus (<code>Bx</code>) otolith.</li> </ul>

Fig. 4 in Identification of nurseries areas of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) by scale and otolith morphometry and microchemistry

Fig. 4. Relative warp (RW) analysis based on landmark coordinates. Thin plate spline transformation grids for the extreme points of RW are shown; these were superimposed on the shapes predicted when the average landmark configuration of all scales was deformed into that of a hypothetical scale positioned at the extreme of the RW of interest. A) RW2 vs. RW1; B) RW3 vs. RW1.

Fig. 1 in Identification of nurseries areas of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) by scale and otolith morphometry and microchemistry

Fig. 1. Study area. The red circles indicate the streaked prochilod (Prochilodus lineatus) collection sites.

Fig. 2 in Identification of nurseries areas of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) by scale and otolith morphometry and microchemistry

Fig. 2. Lapilli otolith of a streaked prochilod (Prochilodus lineatus). a) Right otolith of one of the sampled individuals, internal view (age 0+); b) right otolith section through the core (age 0+); c) example view of growth rings in an adult fish (age 8+). Abbreviations: A, anterior; D, dorsal; P, posterior; V, ventral; Ext, exterior; Int, interior.

Fig. 3 in Identification of nurseries areas of juvenile Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Characiformes: Prochilodontidae) by scale and otolith morphometry and microchemistry

Fig. 3. Landmark definitions used in the fish scales. Abbreviations: A, anterior; D, dorsal; P, posterior; V, ventral.

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FIGURE 3 in Identifying Neogobius species from the southern Caspian Sea by otolith shape (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

FIGURE 3. Sagittal otoliths of: A – B: N. pallasi (TL: 95 mm); A, male; B, female. C – D: N. caspius (TL: 95 mm); C, male; D, female. E – F: N. melanostomus (TL: 95 mm); E, male; F, female.

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FIGURE 2 in Identifying Neogobius species from the southern Caspian Sea by otolith shape (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

FIGURE 2. SEM micrograph of sagittal otolith of a 60 mm specimen of Neogobius pallasi and its features.

FIGURE 39 in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 39. Evolutionary diagram depicting polarity in the development of otolith and head morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus.

FIGURE 38 in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 38. Hymenocephalus rosenkrantzi, fossil otoliths from the Middle Paleocene, Selandian of Kongedyb, Denmark: A—Anterior view, B, D, E—Inner faces, C—Ventral view, A–C—Holotype, MGUH 26150, D—Paratype, MGUH 26153, E—Paratype, 26151.

FIGURE 37 in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 37. Geographical distribution of Hymenocephalus aeger, H. megalops, H. striatissimus, H. torvus, H. grimaldii, H. neglectissimus, H. semipellucidus, H. sp. 1 and H.

FIGURE 35. A–C in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 35. A–C: Hymenocephalus neglectissimus: A–C—ZMMGU-P 18221, A—Lateral view of head, B—Dorsal view of head, C—Schematic outline drawing of formalin eroded otolith. D–H: Hymenocephalus semipellucidus, ZMMGU-P 18205: D—Lateral view of head, E—Anterior view of otolith, F, H—Inner faces of otoliths, G—Ventral view of otolith.

FIGURE 33 in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 33. Hymenocephalus torvus: A–B—USNM 149465, A—Lateral view of head, B—Dorsal view of head. C–G—MNHN 2005-0928, otoliths, C, D, F—Inner faces, E—Anterior view, G—Ventral view.

FIGURE 36. A–C in Head and otolith morphology of the genera Hymenocephalus, Hymenogadus and Spicomacrurus (Macrouridae), with the description of three new species

FIGURE 36. A–C: Hymenocephalus sp. 1, MNHN 2006-0556, otolith, A—Anterior view, B—Inner face, C—Ventral view. D–F: Hymenocephalus sp. 2, USNM 149049, D—Anterior view, E—Inner face, F—Ventral view.