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77 results for “parasite transmission”
Data from: Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: quantitative evidence for the importance of non-linear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems
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Local adaptation of a parasite to solar radiation impacts disease transmission potential, spore yield, and host fecundity
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Data from: Predators and patterns of within-host growth can mediate both among-host competition and the evolution of transmission potential of parasites
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Data from: Different distribution of malaria parasite in left and right extremities of vertebrate hosts translates into differences in parasite transmission
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Data from: Pythons, parasites and pests: anthropogenic impacts on Sarcocystis (Sarcocystidae) transmission in a multi-host system
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Data from: Parasite rearing and infection temperatures jointly influence disease transmission and shape seasonality of epidemics
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Data from: Seasonal host community dynamics constrain the risk of parasite transmission between migrant and resident species
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Data from: Host migration strategy is shaped by forms of parasite transmission and infection cost
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Data from: Dynamic transmission, host quality and population structure in a multi-host parasite of bumble bees
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Within-colony transmission of Microsporidian and Trypanosomatid parasites in honey bee and bumble bee colonies
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Data from: Apparent vector-mediated parent-to-offspring transmission in an avian malaria-like parasite
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Data from: Seasonal dietary shifts enhance parasite transmission to lake salmonids during ice cover
Changes in abiotic and biotic factors between seasons in subarctic lake systems are often profound, potentially affecting the community structure and population dynamics of parasites over the annual cycle. However, few winter studies exist and interactions between fish hosts and their parasites are typically confined to snapshot studies restricted to the summer season whereas host-parasite dynamics during the ice-covered period rarely have been explored. The present study addresses seasonal patterns in the infections of intestinal parasites and their association with the diet of sympatric living Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Lake Takvatn, a subarctic lake in northern Norway. In total, 354 Arctic charr and 203 brown trout were sampled from the littoral habitat between June 2017 and May 2018. Six trophically transmitted intestinal parasite taxa were identified and quantified, and their seasonal variations were contrasted with dietary information from both stomachs and intestines of the fish. The winter period proved to be an important transmission window for parasites, with increased prevalence and intensity of amphipod-transmitted parasites in Arctic charr and parasites transmitted through piscivory in brown trout. In Arctic charr, seasonal patterns in parasite infections resulted mainly from temporal changes in diet towards amphipods, whereas host body size and the utilization of fish prey were the main drivers in brown trout. The overall dynamics in the community structure of parasites chiefly mirrored the seasonal dietary shifts of their fish hosts.
Data from: Quantifying the effects of temperature on mosquito and parasite traits that determine the transmission potential of human malaria
Malaria transmission is known to be strongly impacted by temperature. Current understanding of how temperature affects mosquito and parasite life history traits derives from a limited number of empirical studies. These studies, some dating back to the early part of last century, are often poorly controlled, have limited replication, explore a narrow range of temperatures and use a mixture of parasite and mosquito species. Here, we use a single pairing of the Asian mosquito vector, Anopheles stephensi and the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the thermal performance curves of a range of mosquito and parasite traits relevant to transmission. We show biting rate, adult mortality rate, parasite development rate and vector competence all to be temperature sensitive. Importantly, we find qualitative and quantitative differences to the assumed temperature-dependent relationships. To explore the overall implications of temperature for transmission we first use a standard model of relative vectorial capacity. This approach suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 29ºC, with minimum and maximum temperatures of 12 and 38ºC, respectively. However, the robustness of the vectorial capacity approach is challenged by the fact that the empirical data violate several of the model's simplifying assumptions. Accordingly, we present an alternative model of relative force of infection that better captures the observed biology of the vector-parasite interaction. This model suggests a temperature optimum for transmission of 26ºC, with a minimum and maximum of 17 and 35ºC, respectively. The differences between the models lead to potentially divergent predictions for the potential impacts of current and future climate change on malaria transmission. The study provides a framework for more detailed, system-specific studies that are essential to develop an improved understanding on the effects of temperature on malaria transmission.
Data from: Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species
The dispersal of parasites is critical for epidemiology, and the interspecific vectoring of parasites when species share resources may play an underappreciated role in parasite dispersal. One of the best examples of such a situation is the shared use of flowers by pollinators, but the importance of flowers and interspecific vectoring in the dispersal of pollinator parasites is poorly understood and frequently overlooked. Here, we use an experimental approach to show that during even short foraging periods of 3 h, three bumblebee parasites and two honeybee parasites were dispersed effectively onto flowers by their hosts, and then vectored readily between flowers by non-host pollinator species. The results suggest that flowers are likely to be hotspots for the transmission of pollinator parasites and that considering potential vector, as well as host, species will be of general importance for understanding the distribution and transmission of parasites in the environment and between pollinators.
Data from: Community disassembly and disease: realistic – but not randomized – biodiversity losses enhance parasite transmission
Debates over the relationship between biodiversity and disease dynamics underscore the need for a more mechanistic understanding of how changes in host community composition influence parasite transmission. Focusing on interactions between larval amphibians and trematode parasites, we experimentally contrasted the effects of host richness and species composition to identify the individual and joint contributions of both parameters on the infection levels of three trematode species. By combining experimental approaches with field surveys from 147 ponds, we further evaluated how richness effects differed between randomized and realistic patterns of species loss (i.e., community disassembly). Our results indicated that community-level changes in infection levels were due to host species composition, rather than richness. However, when composition patterns mirrored empirical observations along a natural assembly gradient, each added host species reduced infection success by 12 to 55%. No such effects occurred when assemblages were randomized. Mechanistically, these patterns were due to non-random host species assembly/disassembly: while highly competent species predominated in low diversity systems, less susceptible hosts became progressively more common as richness increased. These findings highlight the potential for combining information on host traits and assembly patterns to forecast diversity-mediated changes in multi-host disease systems.
Plasmodium falciparum transmission in the highlands of Ethiopia is driven by closely related and clonal parasites
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Fig. 3 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 3. Plot of the Canonical Correlation Analysis on the principal coordinates (CAP) of small mammal assemblages in five parks and natural areas in urban Calgary, AB, Canada, 2012–2013, using the cluster as a grouping factor. The cluster 1 is on the lower right corner, cluster 2 is on the lower left corner, and cluster 3 is on the center to the top of the plot. The 45% similarity contour line is drawn based on the dendrogram in Fig. 2a. a) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the abundances of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the abundance of all the susceptible species combined. b) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the proportion of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the proportion of all the susceptible species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Data from: The consequences of co-infections for parasite transmission in the mosquito Aedes aegypti
1)Co-infections may modify parasite transmission opportunities directly as a consequence of interactions in the within host environment, but also indirectly through changes in host life-history. Furthermore, host and parasite traits are sensitive to the abiotic environment with variable consequences for parasite transmission in co-infections. (2)We investigate how co-infection of the mosquito Aedes aegypti with two microsporidian parasites (Vavraia culicis and Edhazardia aedis) at two levels of larval food availability affects parasite transmission directly, and indirectly through effects on host traits (3)In a laboratory infection experiment we compared how co-infection, at low and high larval food availability, affected the probability of infection, within-host growth and the transmission potential of each parasite, compared to single infections. Horizontal transmission was deemed possible for both parasites when infected hosts died harbouring horizontally-transmitting spores. Vertical transmission was judged possible for E. aedis when infected females emerged as adults. We also compared the total input number of spores used to seed infections with output number, in single and co-infections for each parasite. (4)The effects of co-infection on parasite fitness were complex, especially for V. culicis. In low larval food conditions, co-infection increased the chances of mosquitoes dying as larvae or pupae, thus increasing opportunities for V. culicis' horizontal transmission. However, co-infection reduced larval longevity and hence time available for V. culicis spore production. Overall there was a negative net effect of co-infection on V. culicis whereby the number of spores produced was less than the number used to seed infection. Co-infections also negatively affected horizontal transmission of the more virulent parasite, E. aedis, through reduced longevity of pre-adult hosts. However, its potential transmission suffered less relative to V. culicis. (5)Our results show that co-infection can negatively affect parasite transmission opportunities, both directly as well as indirectly via effects on host life-history. We also find that transmission is contingent on the combined effect of the abiotic environment.
Predicting parasite dynamics in mixed-use trans-Himalayan pastures to underpin management of cross-transmission between livestock and bharal
<p>The complexities of multi-use landscapes require sophisticated approaches to addressing disease transmission risks. We explored gastro-intestinal nematode (GINs) infections in the North India Trans-Himalayas through a socio-ecological lens, integrating parasite transmission modelling with field surveys and local knowledge, and evaluated the likely effectiveness of potential interventions. Bharal (blue sheep; <i>Pseudois nayaur</i>), a native wild herbivore, and livestock share pasture year-round and livestock commonly show signs of GINs infection. While both wild and domestic ungulates had GINs infections, egg counts indicated significantly higher parasite burdens in bharal than livestock. However, due to higher livestock densities, they contributed more to the total count of eggs and infective larvae on pasture. Herders also reported health issues in their sheep and goats consistent with parasite infections. Model simulations suggested that pasture infectivity in this system is governed by historical pasture use and gradually accumulated larval development during the summer, with no distinct short-term flashpoints for transmission. The most effective intervention was consequently predicted to be early-season parasite suppression in livestock using temperature in spring as a cue. A one-month pause in egg output from livestock could lead to a reduction in total annual availability of infective larvae on pasture of 76%, potentially benefitting the health of both livestock and bharal. Modelling suggested that climate change over the past 33 years has led to no overall change in GINs transmission potential, but an increase in the relative influence of temperature over precipitation in driving pasture infectivity. Our study provides a transferable multi-pronged approach to investigating disease transmission, in order to support herders' livelihoods and conserve wild ungulates.</p>
Data from: Parasites in bloom: flowers aid dispersal and transmission of pollinator parasites within and between bee species
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.