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388 results for “parental effects”
Effects of COVID-19 lockdown restrictions on parents’ attitudes towards green space and time spent outside by children in Cambridgeshire and North London, United Kingdom
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Data from: Parental effects of male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) on ARTs of haploid sons
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Data from: Environmental variation mediates the evolution of anticipatory parental effects
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Stronger parental than temperature effects on methylation in juvenile brown trout (Salmo trutta)
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A family history: Effects of parental age on offspring life-history traits in bighorn sheep
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Effect of parental phenotype on dispersal, growth and maturation of offspring in wild masu salmon
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Indirect parental effects on offspring fitness by egg-derived fluids in an external fertiliser
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Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth, and phenotype
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Parental age effects on offspring fitness in a wild population of a short-lived reptile
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Effects of benign and heat-stress conditions on parent clones and their selfed offspring of the pea aphid
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Light condition experienced by parent plants influences the response of offspring to light via both parental effects and soil legacy effects
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Beneficial cumulative effects of old parental age on offspring fitness
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Data for: Parental environmental effects are common and strong, but unpredictable, in Arabidopsis thaliana
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Estimation of environmental, genetic and parental age at conception effects on telomere length in a wild mammal
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Understanding individual variation in fitness-related traits requires separating the environmental and genetic determinants. Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that are thought to be a biomarker of senescence as their length predicts mortality risk and reflect the physiological consequences of environmental conditions. The relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual variation in telomere length is however unclear, yet important for understanding its evolutionary dynamics. In particular, the evidence for transgenerational effects, in terms of parental age at conception, on telomere length is mixed. Here, we investigate the heritability of telomere length, using the 'animal model', and parental age at conception effects on offspring telomere length in a wild population of European badgers (<i>Meles meles</i>). While we found no heritability of telomere length and low evolvability (<0.001), our power to detect heritability was low and a repeatability of 2% across individual lifetimes provides a low upper limit to ordinary narrow-sense heritability. However, year (25%) and cohort (3%) explained greater proportions of the phenotypic variance in telomere length. There was no support for cross-sectional or within-individual parental age at conception effects on offspring telomere length. Our results indicate a lack of transgenerational effects through parental age at conception and a low potential for evolutionary change in telomere length in this population. Instead, we provide evidence that individual variation in telomere length is largely driven by environmental variation in this wild mammal.</p>
Data from: Parental age effects and the evolution of senescence
<p>Most theory on the evolution of senescence implicitly assumes that all offspring are of equal quality. However, in addition to age-related declines in survival and fecundity (classically-defined senescence), many organisms exhibit age-related declines in offspring quality, a phenomenon known as a parental age effect. Theoretical work suggests that parental age effects may alter age-trajectories of selection and therefore shape the evolution of senescence; however, to date, these analyses have been limited to idealized life cycles, and models of maternal care in human populations. To gain a broader understanding of how parental age effects may shape age-trajectories of selection, we extend the classic age-structured population projection model to also account for parental age structure, and apply this model to empirical data from an aquatic plant known to exhibit parental age effects (the duckweed <i>Lemna minor</i>), as well as a diverse set of simulated life cycles. Our results suggest that parental age effects alter predictions from classic theory on the evolution of senescence. Age-related declines in offspring quality reduce the relative value of late-life reproduction, leading to steeper age-related declines in the force of natural selection than would otherwise be expected, and potentially favoring the evolution of more rapid rates of senescence.</p>
Data from: Parental exposure modulates the effects of UV-B on offspring in guppies
1.The environment experienced by parents can alter offspring phenotypes. Such developmental plasticity is beneficial when it optimises offspring responses to their prevailing environment. Plasticity may be detrimental, however, if there is a mismatch between parental and offspring environments, although reversible acclimation within individuals could counteract a developmental mismatch. 2.UV-B radiation damages cells directly and by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. There are indications that the developmental environment can influence ROS defences, which could enhance performance and fitness. Additionally, animals exposed to UV-B can acclimate to increase their antioxidant defences and thereby reduce ROS-induced damage. Our aim was to test experimentally whether there are transgenerational effects of UV-B exposure. We tested the hypothesis that parental exposure to UV-B modulates offspring ROS defence mechanisms to reduce the negative effects of UV-B in offspring. 3.In a fully factorial experiment, we show that exposing guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to UV-B increased the resilience of their offspring to the negative effects of UV-B. When exposed to UV-B, offspring from parents also exposed to UV-B had significantly greater sustained swimming performance compared to controls. Higher swimming performance was paralleled by increased catalase activity and glutathione concentrations, and reduced ROS-induced damage to membranes and proteins. There was no effect of parental exposure to UV-B on offspring superoxide dismutase activity, resting and active metabolic rates, or offspring size. However, parental exposure to UV-B increased damage to proteins and infection rates by white spot fungus in control (no UV-B) offspring. 4.Our results showed that UV-B acts as a signal that can induce developmental modification of phenotypes. Transgenerational matching of offspring phenotypes is likely to have a fitness advantage in environments exposed to UV-B. However, the trade-off between the beneficial effects of parental UV-B exposure on offspring performance when exposed to UV-B, and the increased susceptibility to infection and protein damage when offspring are not exposed to UV-B can be important in determining the resilience of populations in variable and modified environments.
Data from: Evidence of opposing fitness effects of parental heterozygosity and relatedness in a critically endangered marine turtle?
How individual genetic variability relates to fitness is important in understanding evolution and the processes affecting populations of conservation concern. Heterozygosity-fitness correlations (HFCs) have been widely used to study this link in wild populations, where key parameters that affect both variability and fitness, such as inbreeding, can be difficult to measure. We used estimates of parental heterozygosity and genetic similarity ('relatedness') derived from 32 microsatellite markers to explore the relationship between genetic variability and fitness in a population of the critically endangered hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata. We found no effect of maternal MLH (multilocus heterozygosity) on clutch size or egg success rate, and no single-locus effects. However, we found effects of paternal MLH and parental relatedness on egg success rate that interacted in a way that may result in both positive and negative effects of genetic variability. Multicollinearity in these tests was within safe limits, and null simulations suggested the effect was not an artefact of using paternal genotypes reconstructed from large samples of offspring. Our results could imply a tension between inbreeding and outbreeding depression in this system, which is biologically feasible in turtles: female-biased natal philopatry may elevate inbreeding risk and local adaptation, and both processes may be disrupted by male-biased dispersal. Although this conclusion should be treated with caution due to a lack of significant identity disequilibrium, our study shows the importance of considering both positive and negative effects when assessing how variation in genetic variability affects fitness in wild systems.
Data from: Parental environmental effects due to contrasting watering adapt competitive ability, but not drought tolerance, in offspring of a semi-arid annual Brassicaceae
1. Parental effects (PE) can be adaptive and improve offspring performance when parents and offspring experience similar environmental conditions. However, it is unknown whether adaptive PE exist also in habitats where such similarity is unlikely due to strong temporal variation. In particular, we do not know whether PE can adapt offspring to fluctuating levels of neighbour competition in such habitats. 2. Here, we tested for adaptive PE in terms of two key environmental factors in a semi-arid annual system, competition and drought. While rainfall was stochastic in the study site, the competitive environment was partly predictable: higher plant densities followed after favourable (rainy) years due to high seed production. We therefore expected PE to adapt the offspring's competitive ability to these (predictable) fluctuations in plant densities, rather than to adapt the offspring's drought tolerance to the (unpredictable) occurrence of intensified drought. 3. Parental plants of Biscutella didyma, an annual Brassicaceae, were raised under favourable watering and under drought conditions. Offspring performance was then tested under a full-factorial combination of two neighbour regimes and six watering levels in the glasshouse. 4. Offspring of parents grown under favourable conditions were stronger competitors. This was associated with a small shift in phenology but not with higher parental seed provisioning. Offspring from parents grown under drought showed no improved drought tolerance. Moreover, no PE were detectable when offspring were grown without neighbours. 5. Our results suggest a novel path of adaptive PE: higher competitive ability was induced in offspring that were more likely to experience high neighbour densities. Together with the lack of adaptive PE towards drought tolerance, this emphasizes that a correlation between parental and offspring environment is crucial for adaptive PE to evolve. Our results also call for the inclusion of competitive effects in future PE studies. 6. Synthesis. This study demonstrates the important role of adaptive PE for plant fitness (regarding competition) but also their limits (regarding drought) in temporally variable environments, based on the predictability of the respective environmental factor.
Data from: Sex-specific pathways of parental age effects on offspring lifetime reproductive success in a long-lived seabird
The conditions under which individuals are reared vary and sensitivity of offspring to such variation is often sex-dependent. Parental age is one important natal condition with consequences for aspects of offspring fitness, but reports are mostly limited to short-term fitness consequences and do not take into account offspring sex. Here we used individual-based data from a large colony of a long-lived seabird, the common tern Sterna hirundo, to investigate longitudinal long-term fitness consequences of parental age in relation to both offspring and parental sex. We found that recruited daughters from older mothers suffered from reduced annual reproductive success. Recruited sons from older fathers were found to suffer from reduced lifespan. Both effects translated to reductions in offspring lifetime reproductive success. Besides revealing novel sex-specific pathways of trans-generational parental age effects on offspring fitness, which inspire studies of potential underlying mechanisms, our analyses show that reproductive senescence is only observed in the common tern when including trans-generational age effects. In general, our study shows that estimates of selective pressures underlying the evolution of senescence, as well as processes such as age-dependent mate choice and sex allocation, will depend on whether causal trans-generational effects exist and are taken into account.
Parental breeding age effects on descendants' longevity interact over two generations in matrilines and patrilines
<p>Individuals within populations vary enormously in mortality risk and longevity, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. A potentially important and<br> phylogenetically widespread source of such variation is maternal age at breeding, which typically has negative effects on offspring longevity. Here, we show that paternal<br> age can affect offspring longevity as strongly as maternal age does, and that breeding age effects can interact over two generations in both matrilines and patrilines. We<br> manipulated maternal and paternal ages at breeding over two generations in the neriid fly Telostylinus angusticollis. To determine whether breeding age effects can be<br> modulated by the environment, we also manipulated larval diet and male competitive environment in the first generation. We found separate and interactive effects of<br> parental and grandparental ages at breeding on descendants' mortality rate and lifespan in both matrilines and patrilines. These breeding age effects were not<br> modulated by grandparental larval diet quality or competitive environment. Our findings suggest that variation in maternal and paternal ages at breeding could contribute<br> substantially to intra-population variation in mortality and longevity.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.