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Figure 3 in Determination of genetic variations between Apodemus mystacinus populations distributed in Turkey inferred from mtDNA PCR-RFLP

Figure 3. Restriction patterns of HinfI inferred from D-loop digestion (M: Marker–100bp DNA Ladder, 1. Ordu, 2. Trabzon, 3. Rize, 4. Artvin, 5–6. Erzincan, 7–8. Kahramanmaraş, 9. Adıyaman, 10–11. Adana, 12. Muğla, 13. Burdur, 14. Konya, 15. Antalya, 16. Mersin, 17. Kastamonu, 18. Zonguldak, 19. Düzce, 20. Balıkesir, 21. İzmir, 22. Aydın, 23. A. uralensis, 24. A. witherbyi, 25. D-loop PCR products).

Figure 2 in Determination of genetic variations between Apodemus mystacinus populations distributed in Turkey inferred from mtDNA PCR-RFLP

Figure 2. Restriction patterns of MboI, HaeIII, and RsaI inferred from cytb digestion (M: Marker–100bp DNA Ladder, 1. Ordu, 2. Trabzon, 3. Rize, 4. Artvin, 5. Erzincan, 6. Kahramanmaraş, 7. Adıyaman, 8. Adana, 9. Muğla, 10. Burdur, 11. Konya, 12. Antalya, 13. Mersin, 14. Kastamonu, 15. Zonguldak, 16. Düzce, 17. Balıkesir, 18. İzmir, 19. Aydın, 20. A. uralensis, 21. A. witherbyi, 22. Cytb PCR product).

Figure 5 in Determination of genetic variations between Apodemus mystacinus populations distributed in Turkey inferred from mtDNA PCR-RFLP

Figure 5. PCoA analysis of A. mystacinus clades. The scatter plot is of the scores of three principal eigenvalues inferred from NTSYS software. Each scatter point represents a specimen of A. mystacinus.

Figure 1 in Determination of genetic variations between Apodemus mystacinus populations distributed in Turkey inferred from mtDNA PCR-RFLP

Figure 1. Sampling localities of A. mystacinus specimens. Table 2. Restriction enzymes and their digestion sites with reaction procedures.

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Figure 2 in Investigation of GH and GHR Alu I gene polymorphisms on meat yields in Anatolian water buffalo breed using PCR-RFLP method

Figure 2. Enzyme digestion results of exons 4 and 5 of the GH gene (M: 50-bp DNA ladder; 1–5 and 7: LL genotype, 6: LV genotype).

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Figure 4 in Investigation of GH and GHR Alu I gene polymorphisms on meat yields in Anatolian water buffalo breed using PCR-RFLP method

Figure 4. Enzyme digestion results of the exon 10 region of the GHR gene (M: 50-bp DNA ladder, A: AG genotype, B: AA genotype).

Fig. 3 in Comparison of the modified agglutination test and real-time PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in feral cats from Phillip Island, Australia, and risk factors associated with infection

Fig. 3. Predicted lines of fit for the multivariable logistic regression model plotted as probability of Toxoplasma gondii qPCR positivity in feral cats on Phillip Island (Victoria) versus body weight for each season. Dashed lines show 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 1 in Comparison of the modified agglutination test and real-time PCR for detection of Toxoplasma gondii exposure in feral cats from Phillip Island, Australia, and risk factors associated with infection

Fig. 1. Location and Toxoplasma gondii infection status, as detected by real-time PCR (qPCR), of feral cats trapped on Phillip Island (Victoria) from July 2016 to December 2017. Map shows the distribution of different location types (Park, Agricultural, Residential) used in multivariable regression analysis. A circular spread of points around a location marked with 'x' indicates multiple animals were sampled at the same site (i.e. same GPS coordinates). Red = T. gondii qPCR positive, white = T. gondii qPCR negative. Map created using Quantum GIS, version 3.8. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2. The PCR products identified within the 18S in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 2. The PCR products identified within the 18S rRNA of Eimeria bovis following digestion with two restriction endonucleases: AluI recognising AG∧CT and Hin1II recognising CATG∧. M1: GeneRuler 100 bp Plus DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific); M2: GeneRuler 50bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific); lane 1: European bison colon wall tissue; lane 2: European bison colon wall tissue after digestion; lane 3: E. bovis oocysts of European bison; lane 4: E. bovis oocysts of European bison after digestion.

Fig. 3 in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 3. The virtual double digestion of the 18S rRNA gene of eimerians infecting the large intestine of the European bison with the restriction enzymes Mval (BstNI) recognising CC∧WGG, and KpnI recognising GGTAC∧C, simulated with SnapGene version 5.0.6 (GSL Biotech LLC); M: GeneRuler 50 bp DNA Ladder (Thermo Fisher Scientific). (A) A three-band pattern for E. bovis (20 bp, 210 bp, 343 bp). (B) A four-band pattern for E, zuernii (20 bp, 100 bp, 210 bp, 242 bp). (C) A two-band pattern for E. alabamensis (212 bp, 362 bp).

Fig. 1 in Usefulness of PCR-RFLP of 18S rRNA gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of European bison, Bison bonasus L. with histopathological correlation

Fig. 1. Histopathological lesions associated with endogenous stages of Eimeria spp. in sections of the ileum and colon of European bison (H-E staining). (A) Shortening and blunting of the intestinal villi of the ileum with diffuse infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells within the lamina propria, edematous stroma, dilated crypt containing necrotic debris (arrow), and atrophy of submucosal lymphoid follicles (× 20 magnification). (B) Schizonts and degenerating merozoites in the crypt lumen of the colon (arrows); immature macrogamont with a central nucleus (arrowhead) (× 1000 magnification). (C) Immature microgamonts in the epithelial cells of the colon crypt (arrows) (× 400 magnification). (D) Mature microgamont in the epithelial cells of the colon crypt (arrow) (× 1000 magnification). (E) Gametogonic stages of Eimeria development in the epithelial cells of the colon. Microgamont with peripheral microgames (arrowhead), (a) nearly mature microgamonts, (b) macrogamont with eosinophilic wall-forming bodies, (c) early oocyst (× 400 magnification). (F) Mature macrogamont in the epithelial cells of the cecum (arrow) (× 1000 magnification).

Fig. 1 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 1. Study site location in Australia's Northern Territory (left). Map showing the Research Station where the initial amoebiasis outbreak was observed (Shilton et al., 2018); and sample collection sites Leaning Tree Lagoon and Caravan Park (right). In 2018, cane toads and native frogs were collected at Leaning Tree Lagoon. In 2020, cane toads were collected at the Caravan Park and road-killed native frogs were collected from the highway between the Research Station and Leaning Tree Lagoon. Left-hand panel image from GoogleMaps.

Fig. 2 in Apparent lack of spill-over of parasites from an invasive anuran: PCR detects Entamoeba in cane toads (Rhinella marina) but not in sympatric Australian native frogs

Fig. 2. Six of the amphibian species surveyed for Entamoeba in this study. a) Cyclorana australis, b) Litoria bicolor, c) Litoria dahlii, d) Litoria nasuta, e) Litoria rothii and f) Rhinella marina.

Fig. 2 in A novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay for fecal and nasal swab detection of an otariid lungworm, Parafilaroides decorus

Fig. 2. Standard curve based on sensitivity data. A 95% confidence interval for the linear regression model is shaded in grey.

Fig. 1. Repeat family selection for the P. decorus diagnostic assay. A in A novel quantitative real-time PCR diagnostic assay for fecal and nasal swab detection of an otariid lungworm, Parafilaroides decorus

Fig. 1. Repeat family selection for the P. decorus diagnostic assay. A. Number of sequencing reads for P. decorus compared to outgroup species reads for each repeat family (1–104) on a log scale. Arrows indicate repeat families with no reads from the outgroup species. Plot was made using Tableau Software, 2019. B. Within a cluster, reads with similar sequences are closer together. Edges connect a read with its closest match (creating a pair) and the length of this edge represents the amount of overlap between the reads. The mean edge width provides context for the lengths in the cluster, so in a cluster with a larger mean edge width the edges are actually longer than edges in a cluster with a smaller mean edge width. Reads therefore may be distant because of sequence divergence, or in the case of a long repeat (more than 150 base pairs), because of a lack of overlap between reads. However, because there will likely be continuous reads covering different regions of the repeat, these longer repeats should still appear as a tight, though possibly larger, cluster. Read dots that stray from the central cluster most likely represent sequence divergence. Higher density therefore indicates lower sequence divergence.

Fig. 4 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 4. | Faecal bacterial community profile of captive chimpanzees infected with Giardia duodenalis detected by rapid antigen test. (A) Relative abundance of colour coded bacterial phyla separated based on presence (+) or absence (‒) of Giardia using rapid antigen test (RAT). The sample identity is located at the bottom of the graph with two labels (C20, C3) shaded indicating samples that were found as Giardia positive by real-time PCR. (B) Alpha diversity based on observed OTU and Shannon's index plotted as box plot and evaluated using t-tests. (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 2D plot using first two principal components from Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix at the genus taxonomic levels. The clustering between Giardia positive (RAT+) and negative (RAT-) samples was tested using ANOSIM. (D) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) used plot of significant factors discriminating G. duodenalis positive from negative sample. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 3. | Faecal bacterial community profile of captive chimpanzees infected with Giardia duodenalis as detected by rapid antigen test and real-time PCR combined. (A) Relative abundance of colour coded bacterial phyla separated based on presence (+) or absence (‒) of Giardia. The sample identity is located at the bottom of the graph. (B) Alpha diversity based on observed OTU and Shannon's index plotted as box plot and evaluated using t-tests. (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) 2D plot using first two principal components from Bray-Curtis dissimilarity matrix at the genus taxonomic levels. The clustering between Giardia positive (+) and negative (‒) samples was tested using ANOSIM. (D) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) used plot of significant factors discriminating G. duodenalis positive from negative sample. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 2. | Results of Giardia duodenalis rapid antigen test applied on faecal samples from chimpanzees. A positive result for the Giardia duodenalis rapid antigen test (RAT, Anigen Rapid Giardia AG Test Kit) is represented by the line in the 'T' position in the window along with the positive control line in the 'C' position.

Fig. 1 in Giardia duodenalis in a clinically healthy population of captive zoo chimpanzees: Rapid antigen testing, diagnostic real-time PCR and faecal microbiota profiling

Fig. 1. Captive chimpanzees and their enclosure in Sydney, Australia. (A) Main chimpanzee open air exhibit with multiple climbing structures. (B) View from the other direction showing entry to the indoor area at the end of the exhibit. (C) smaller exhibit with mesh covering and more climbing and sleeping structures. (D) Members of the chimpanzee troop at the Taronga Zoo.