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Fig. 3. Diplodocid and dicraeosaurid cervical vertebrae. A. 8 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 3. Diplodocid and dicraeosaurid cervical vertebrae. A. 8th cervical vertebra (SMA L25−3) of subadult Diplodocus sp., Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect (A1) and as schematic drawing indicating external pneumatic structures (A). B. 7th and 8th cervical vertebra (SMA M34−1and M34−2) of juvenile undetermined diplodocid, Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison 2 Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect. C. Series of six cervical vertebrae of immature juvenile Apatosaurus louisae (CM 3390), Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in right lateral aspect (C1) and with single vertebra in a larger scale (C2). D. Midcervical vertebrae of Barosaurus lentus (CM 1198), Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect, with broken distal half of cervical rib below. E. 8th cervical vertebra of Dicraeosaurus hansemanni (ZMB "skelet m"), Middle Saurian Bed, Tanzania, Tendaguru Beds, Late Jurassic, in right lateral aspect (E1) and with schematic drawing of external pneumatic structures (E2). Scale bars 50 mm, except D, for which is 300 mm.

Fig. 1 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 1. Photograph of 8th cervical vertebra (SMA L25−3) of subadult Diplodocus sp., Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic (A) showing location of transverse sections (B–H) obtained from X−ray computed tomography.

Fig. 4 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the distribution of pneumatic diverticula in diplodocids and dicraeosaurids. A. Schematic drawing of midcervical vertebra of Diplodocus in left lateral aspect (A1), in dorsal aspect with single neural spine (A2) and in dorsal aspect with bifurcate neural spine (A3). The partitioning of pneumatic diverticula at the lateral surface of the vertebral corpus is hypothetical, based on the strongly divided pneumatic fossae. B. 10th cervical vertebra of Amargasaurus cazaui in left lateral aspect. C. 8th cervical vertebra of Dicraeosaurus hansemanni in dorsal (C) and in left lateral (C) aspects. Not to 1 2 scale.

Fig. 6 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 6. Cervical vertebrae of diplodocids exposing osteological correlates for soft−tissue. A. Cervical vertebra of Diplodocus (SMA L25−3), Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in left lateral aspect (A1) and as schematic drawing with insertion areas for tendinomuscular apparatus (A). B. 4th cervical vertebra (SMA D25−2) of undetermined juvenile diplodocid, Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morri2 son Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in cranial (B1) and caudal (B2) aspects. C. Isolated neural spine of a cervical vertebra of Apatosaurus excelsus (CM 555), Quarry D (Sheep Creek), Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in caudal aspect showing postspinal fossa. D. Cervical vertebra of Barosaurus lentus (CM 1198), Carnegie Museum Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, USA, Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic, in caudal aspect showing postspinal fossa containing pneumatic foramina. E. Cervical vertebra of Diplodocus (SMA L25−3), Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in dorsolateral aspect showing large pneumatic foramen. F. Cervical vertebra of Diplodocus sp. (SMA, no collection number), Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic, in cranial aspect with close−up showing peduncle for interspinal elastic ligament (F1) and in caudal aspect (F2). Scale bars 50 mm.

Fig. 2 in Pneumaticity and soft-tissue reconstructions in the neck of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods

Fig. 2. Cervical vertebrae of juvenile, undetermined diplodocids from Howe Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA, Morrison Formation, Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic. A. Photograph of 3rd cervical vertebra (SMA I34−1) (A) with location of transverse sections A –A obtained from X−ray computed tomography. 1 2 6 B. Photograph of axis (SMA D 25−1) (B1) with location of transverse sections B2–B5 obtained from X−ray computed tomography.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Optical Particle Tracking in the Pneumatic Conveying of Metal Powders through a Thin Capillary Pipe

<p>An experimental setup utilizing high-speed cameras and specialized optics was constructed to collect the conveying flow characteristics. The data here presented is pre-processed using ImageJ/Fiji, and uses the TrackMate package (see https://github.com/trackmate-sc/TrackMate/pull/296). The videos can be loaded to Fiji using the FFMPG package.</p>

FIGURE 12 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 12. Surangular pocket shown in sagittal slices from most lateral (A) to most medial (D). Arrow points to pneumatic pocket. Pocket can be seen dissipating into the trabecular bone of the surangular. Scale bar = 40 mm.

FIGURE 10 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 10. Right ectopterygoid in ventral (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), and medial (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 7 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 7. Right quadrate in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 20 mm.

FIGURE 5 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 5. Left jugal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 25 mm.

FIGURE 4 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 4. Left lacrimal (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 25 mm.

FIGURE 8 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 8. Left palatine in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 15 mm.

FIGURE 15 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 15. Pneumatic features on selected cranial bones of Tarbosaurus bataar (ZPAL collection). Main body of left lacrimal ZPAL MgD-I/4 in lateral view (A), anterior ramus of left lacrimal ZPAL MgD-I/4 in lateral view (B); left palatine ZPAL MgD-I/4 in lateral view (C), right squamosal ZPAL MgD-I/4 in ventral view (D), right ectopterygoid ZPAL MgD-I/34 in ventral view (E); left surangular ZPAL MgD-I/3 in lateral view (F). Scale bars = 3 cm. Arrows denote external pneumatic features (foramina and fenestrae).

FIGURE 11 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 11. Left surangular in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) view. Scale bar = 30 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 1. Left maxilla in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows antorbital sinus in approximate life position, with maxilla semitransparent. Middle column shows maxilla semitransparent without the antorbital sinus. Right column shows isolated maxillary sinus. Scale bar = 45 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 3. Right lacrimal in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 25 mm.

FIGURE 13 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 13. Right angular in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Scale bar = 20 mm.

FIGURE 6 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 6. Squamosal and postorbital in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views. Red box in (A) shows location of images in (B), (C), and (D). Left column shows renders the bone semitransparent, right column shows the isolated sinus. Scale bar = 15 mm.

FIGURE 14 in The cranial pneumatic sinuses of the tyrannosaurid Alioramus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the evolution of cranial pneumaticity in theropod dinosaurs

FIGURE 14. Pneumatic features on selected cranial bones of Tyrannosaurus rex (CM 9380). Right lacrimal in lateral view (A), left squamosal in ventral view (B), and left surangular in lateral view (C). Scale bars = 3 cm. Arrows denote external pneumatic features (foramina and fenestrae).