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Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fragmentary stamens (a, b) with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 1 (c–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamens; c–e) Distal view of pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture and the irregular verrucate aperture membrane; f) Proximal view of pollen grains showing dense reticulum; g) Section through the fractured pollen wall showing foot layer, columellae and muri with faint supratectal ornamentation. Specimens, TV44-S105013 (a, c, d), TV44-S105019 (b, e–g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c–f), 3 Μm (g).

Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of inaperturate Araucariacites sp. pollen from two fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary pollen sac; b) Granular inner surface of pollen sac (a); c) Orbicule showing finely striate surface; d) Group of pollen grains from pollen sac in (a) showing granular exine surface and numerous orbicules; note that the scale bar (12 Μm) is two times larger than that used for most other pollen grains illustrated in this paper (6 Μm). Specimens, TV44-S148025 (a, b, d), TV44-S148146 (c). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (d), 3 Μm (b, c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of inaperturate Araucariacites sp. pollen from two fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary pollen sac; b) Granular inner surface of pollen sac (a); c) Orbicule showing finely striate surface; d) Group of pollen grains from pollen sac in (a) showing granular exine surface and numerous orbicules; note that the scale bar (12 Μm) is two times larger than that used for most other pollen grains illustrated in this paper (6 Μm). Specimens, TV44-S148025 (a, b, d), TV44-S148146 (c). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (d), 3 Μm (b, c).

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d).

Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g).

Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h).

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen or spore clump with pollen grains or spores of unknown affinity that occur separately or adhering together in dyads, triads and tetrads; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Clump of pollen or spores that yielded the pollen or spores in this Text-figure; b–f) Grains adhering together in twos, threes or fours (b–e) or occurring singly and apparently with a proximal trilete mark (f); note that the adhering grains are connected by a smooth bandlike covering, perhaps remains of the microspore mother cell; note also abundant orbicules of various sizes among and over the grains. Specimen, TV44-S148149. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b–f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen or spore clump with pollen grains or spores of unknown affinity that occur separately or adhering together in dyads, triads and tetrads; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Clump of pollen or spores that yielded the pollen or spores in this Text-figure; b–f) Grains adhering together in twos, threes or fours (b–e) or occurring singly and apparently with a proximal trilete mark (f); note that the adhering grains are connected by a smooth bandlike covering, perhaps remains of the microspore mother cell; note also abundant orbicules of various sizes among and over the grains. Specimen, TV44-S148149. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b–f).

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i).

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 5"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably coprolite but containing one kind of pollen; b, c) Pollen grains from pollen clump in oblique equatorial view (b) and polar view (c) showing the three apertures with a distinct aperture margin and the coarse reticulum; d) Detail of wall of a broken pollen grain showing long straight columellae and a thin foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S115858 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment with one kind of pollen grain; b) Detail of pollen clump showing densely packed pollen all of the same kind; c) Pollen grains in equatorial (left) and polar (right) views showing the coarse reticulum in the mesocolpium regions, the striate-reticulate tectum over the polar regions, and the microreticulate to foveolate tectum along the aperture margins; d) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by long, densely-spaced columellae; e) Detail of broken pollen wall showing long, densely-spaced columellae detached from the thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170386 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).

Text-fig. 38. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial (b, e) and polar (d) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes and semitectate-microreticulate pollen wall; note small, spherical orbicules scattered on the surface of the tectum (arrows); c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri with very faint transverse striations and a granular to columellate infratectal layer. Specimen, Catefica 153-S105614 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 38. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial (b, e) and polar (d) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes and semitectate-microreticulate pollen wall; note small, spherical orbicules scattered on the surface of the tectum (arrows); c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri with very faint transverse striations and a granular to columellate infratectal layer. Specimen, Catefica 153-S105614 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b–d) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial view showing the long colpi and well-developed, heterobrochate reticulum with very distinct large and small lumina; e) Detail of pollen wall showing orbicules with irregular projections; f) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by short, densely spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170419 (a–f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 1.5 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with tricolpate pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing the elongate, tetrasporangiate anther but with the base and apex poorly preserved; b–d) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in equatorial view showing the long colpi and well-developed, heterobrochate reticulum with very distinct large and small lumina; e) Detail of pollen wall showing orbicules with irregular projections; f) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri supported by short, densely spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170419 (a–f). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 1.5 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 32. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with monocolpate, reticulate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with four pollen sacs and an adhering bract (arrow); b) Pollen grains from stamen showing the large gaping, almost circular, aperture with a distinct aperture margin; c) Detail of pollen wall showing finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and bases of broken columellae; d) Pollen grain showing the large gaping, rounded aperture; e) Pollen grains showing large, rounded aperture (left) and abraded reticulum exposing the surface of the foot layer and long columellae (right). Specimen, Catefica 49-S170144 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains; c) Pollen grain in distal view showing short colpus with irregular margin and aperture membrane covered by irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny spherical orbicules; e) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170389 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 3 Μm (d), 1.5 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Staminate inflorescence fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 4"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing several closely packed, almost sessile stamens that lack a well-developed filament; b, c) Distal and proximal views of pollen grains showing poorly defined aperture with verrucate aperture membrane; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107782 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana.

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment with pollen in situ; b, c) Pollen grains showing the semitectate-reticulate pollen wall and folds (c) indicating a possible monocolpate aperture; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation; e) Detail of pollen wall showing tiny, spherical, finely spiny orbicules. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170449 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, c), 1.5 Μm (d, e).