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Figure 3 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 3. Infraorbital bones and associated elements of Anostomoides nattereri, MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL. Ant: antorbital, Io1-6: infraorbital, SO: supraorbital.

Figure 2 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 2. Hypotheses of the phylogenetic relationships of the two valid species of Anostomoides. A, cladogram based on 158 morphological characters (modified from Sidlauskas & Vari, 2008). B, cladogram based on data from 1051 exons (modified from Betancur-R et al., 2018).

Figure 7 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 7. Detail of autopalatine in lateral (left) and dorsal (right) views of: (A, B) Caenotropus labyrinthicus, MZUSP 29351, 68.9 mm SL; (C, D) Prochilodus nigricans, MZUSP 95799, 112.5 mm SL; (E, F) Petulanos intermedius, MZUSP 97330, 59.6 mm SL; (G, H) Anostomoides atrianalis, ANSP 159599, 159.6 mm SL. The dotted lines indicate the autopalatine.

Figure 13 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 13. Maximum likelihood reconstructions of retroarticular placement performed on a pruned version of the maximum clade credibility tree with and without the inclusion of Anostomoides naterreri. Reconstructions used an equal rates transition model as selected using the Akaike information criterion.

Figure 6 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 6. Details of the teeth, lips and bones of the head in Anostomoides nattereri. Lateral view of head (A) and medial view of teeth (C) of a specimen prepared as a dry skeleton (MZUSP 110595, 242 mm SL); details of lips (B) of an alcoholpreserved specimen (FMNH 103451, 141.8 mm SL); and scanning electron microscope image of teeth in lateral view (D) of a cleared and stained specimen (MZUSP 5429, 89.0 mm SL.

Figure 11 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 11. Hyoid arch of Anostomoides nattereri, MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL, in ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views, with detail of the uruhyal in lateral view (C). ACh: anterior ceratohyal, BR: branchiostegal rays, DHh: dorsal hypohyal, Ih: interhyal, PCh: posterior ceratohyal, Uh: urohyal, VHh: ventral hypohyal.

Figure 10 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 10. Branchial apparatus of Anostomoides nattereri MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL. AECb4: accessory element of ceratobranchial 4, Bb1–3: basibranchial 1–3, Bh: basihyal, BhTp: basihyal toothplate, Cb1–5: ceratobranchial 1-5, Ep1–4: epibranchial 1–4, Hb1-3: hypobranchial 1-3, Pb1–4: pharyngobranchial 1–4, PC: posterior copula, TPPb4: tooth plate of fourth pharyngobranchial, TPCb5: tooth plate of fifth ceratobranchial.

Figure 17 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 17. Pelvic fin of Insperanos nattereri, MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL. IsP: isquiatic process, Pbo: pelvic bone, PvR: pelvic-fin radials.

Figure 9 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 9. Suspensorium and jaws of Anostomoides nattereri, MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL. Suspensorium of Anostomoides nattereri, MZUSP 5429, 138.7 mm SL, in lateral view (A), with detail of autopalatine in lateral (B) and dorsal (C) views. Ecpt: ectopterygoid, Enpt: entopterygoid, Hy: hyomandibular, IOp: interopercle, Mpt: metapterygoid, Op: opercle, Pl: autopalatine, Pop: preopercle, Q: quadrate, SOp: subopercle, Sy: symplectic.

Figure 14 in Total evidence phylogenetic analysis reveals polyphyly of Anostomoides and uncovers an unexpectedly ancient genus of Anostomidae fishes (Characiformes)

Figure 14. Maximum likelihood reconstructions of autopalatine evolution with and without the inclusion of Anostomoides naterreri and under alternative outgroup codings. Reconstructions were performed on a pruned version of the maximum clade credibility tree using equal transition rates between the character states as selected using the Akaike information criterion.

Figure 6. Chronogram resulting from Bayesian analysis employing a in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 6. Chronogram resulting from Bayesian analysis employing a relaxed clock. Most likely ancestral distribution recovered in DEC analysis and estimated mean age are displayed at the nodes. Dispersal events are indicated as a black line below the distribution boxes, vicariant events are indicated in a green line, as recovered in the biogeographic analysis. Highest posterior density (HPD) 95% intervals for the ages of the nodes are indicated by light blue bars. Timescale and global surface temperature estimated from δ18O benthic (Zachos et al., 2001) are displayed on the bottom. Eocene and Miocene thermal optimum are highlighted in grey. Cnodocentron and Caenocentron species distributions are shown in the maps.

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 5. Maximum credibility Bayesian tree obtained from 46 morphological characters and COI coded to Cnodocentron sensu Schmid and related taxa (all compatible groups shown). Morphological character states are displayed along the branches: boxes refer to unambiguous transformations; circles to characters under ACCTRAN optimization. Black symbols indicate unique character changes. Posterior probability support values are displayed in boxes below the node branches. Male genitalia of species of each clade are displayed in lateral view. Oriental species modified from the original descriptions: Malicky & Chantaramongkol (1992), Oláh & Johanson (2010), Schmid (1982).

Figure 3 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 3. Mesothorax: A, Caenocentron carlosdelarosai; B, Cnodocentron brogimarus; C, Xiphocentron maiteae; D, Melanotrichia samaconius. Hind leg apical spur: E, Drepanocentron sp.; F, Cnodocentron sp.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 2. Wing venation: A, Melanotrichia attia; B, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja; C, Cnodocentron girika. Male genitalia: D, aspect of mesal sclerite of Melanotrichia sp., 200×; E, Melanotrichia attia, lateral view; F, Cnodocentron vrisaparvan, lateral view. Male genitalia, sternum IX, ventral: G, Cnodocentron filamenta; H, Cnodocentron brogimarus; I, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja; J, Cnodocentron devayani; K, Cnodocentron vrisaparvan; L, Cnodocentron girika. Female genitalia, segment VIII apex, dorsal: M, Caenocentron carlosdelarosai; N, Cnodocentron tchaturbhuja.

Figure 13 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 13. Caenocentron rafamoralesi sp. nov. A, wing venation. Male genitalia: B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 1. Xiphocentronidae world distribution showing Cnodocentron sensu Schmid species distribution in red circles. Tropical moist forests are displayed in green.

Figure 12 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 12. Bayesian analysis of COI sequences of Caenocentron carlosdelarosai and Caenocentron rafamoralesi and other xiphocentronids, showing clustering associating male and females of each species. COI accession numbers are displayed in front of each specimen. Posterior probability values are displayed below each node.

Figure 4. A in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 4. A, wing pattern of Caenocentron trilineatum. B, sternum V of C. carlosdelarosai showing reticulate cuticular plate at 200×. C, abdomen of C. carlosdelarosai, 80×. D, sternum V of Melanotrichia samaconius.

Figure 21 in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 21. Paleogeography of South-East Asia and Mesoamerica: A, South-East Asia, showing the collision of Indian Plate and Asia. B, Mesoamerica showing the southward movement of Chortis Block. Dispersal and vicariant events with their respective mean ages are displayed as arrows and dotted lines, respectively. Montane regions are in dark grey. Whitish regions indicate progressive seasonal dry climates after the Middle Miocene. Palaeogeographic reconstructions of Mesoamerica modified from Keppie & Moán-Zenteno (2005) and interpreted from evidence presented by Kirby et al. (2008), Coates et al. (2004) and Montes et al. (2012). Reconstructions of South-East Asia modified after Morley (2018) and Gorin et al. (2020).

Figure 20. Caenocentron trilineatum. A in Phylogeny indicates polyphyly in Cnodocentron (Trichoptera: Xiphocentronidae): biogeography and revision of New World species (Caenocentron)

Figure 20. Caenocentron trilineatum. A, wing venation. Male genitalia: B, lateral; C, dorsal; D, ventral; E, detail paraproct lateral; F, phallus apex lateral and ventral, respectively.