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48 results for “prey availability”
Data from: Resource availability and sexual size dimorphism: differential effects of prey abundance on the growth rates of tropical snakes
1. Broad phylogenetic patterns in sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are shaped by sex differences in net selection pressures (e.g., sexual selection, fecundity selection, survival selection), but environmental and ecological factors can also affect the expression of SSD. 2. Discussions of proximate ecological influences on SSD have focused on niche divergence; for example, increase in a prey type used by only one sex can elevate growth rates of that sex but not the other. Food limitation also can generate spatial and temporal variation in SSD. Under restricted prey abundance, curtailed growth may mask SSD even if the optimal size is greater for one sex than the other. Because an increase in food availability then elicits increased feeding and growth by the sex that benefits more from increased body size, variation in prey abundance can generate variation in SSD. 3. We used mark-recapture methods to study growth rates relative to prey (frog) abundance in two species of sexually dimorphic colubrid snake species in tropical Australia. 4. In Slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus), a species in which larger body size enhances reproductive output in both sexes (because larger males win combat bouts, and larger females produce more / heavier eggs), increased abundance of frogs caused equivalent increases in growth rates in both sexes, and hence did not affect SSD. In Keelbacks (Tropidonophis mairii), a species in which larger size enhances reproductive output in females more than males (reflecting a lack of male-male combat), increased abundance of frogs elicited higher growth rates of females only. Thus, SSD in Keelbacks was modified by prey abundance. 5. Our results show that the magnitude of sex differences in adult body size can be influenced by proximate environmental factors, and support the hypothesis of sex-specific targets for maximum feeding rates.
Data from: Taking movement data to new depths: Inferring prey availability and patch profitability from seabird foraging behavior
Detailed information acquired using tracking technology has the potential to provide accurate pictures of the types of movements and behaviors performed by animals. To date, such data have not been widely exploited to provide inferred information about the foraging habitat. We collected data using multiple sensors (GPS, time depth recorders, and accelerometers) from two species of diving seabirds, razorbills (Alca torda, N = 5, from Fair Isle, UK) and common guillemots (Uria aalge, N = 2 from Fair Isle and N = 2 from Colonsay, UK). We used a clustering algorithm to identify pursuit and catching events and the time spent pursuing and catching underwater, which we then used as indicators for inferring prey encounters throughout the water column and responses to changes in prey availability of the areas visited at two levels: individual dives and groups of dives. For each individual dive (N = 661 for guillemots, 6214 for razorbills), we modeled the number of pursuit and catching events, in relation to dive depth, duration, and type of dive performed (benthic vs. pelagic). For groups of dives (N = 58 for guillemots, 156 for razorbills), we modeled the total time spent pursuing and catching in relation to time spent underwater. Razorbills performed only pelagic dives, most likely exploiting prey available at shallow depths as indicated by the vertical distribution of pursuit and catching events. In contrast, guillemots were more flexible in their behavior, switching between benthic and pelagic dives. Capture attempt rates indicated that they were exploiting deep prey aggregations. The study highlights how novel analysis of movement data can give new insights into how animals exploit food patches, offering a unique opportunity to comprehend the behavioral ecology behind different movement patterns and understand how animals might respond to changes in prey distributions.
Variation in prey availability over time shaped the extinction dynamics of sabertoothed cats
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Invasive grass (Microstegium vimineum) indirectly benefits spider community by subsidizing available prey
<p>1. Invasive plant species cause a suite of direct, negative ecological impacts, but subsequent, indirect effects are more complex and difficult to detect. Where identified, indirect effects to other taxa can be wide-ranging and include ecological benefits in certain habitats or locations.</p> <p>2. Here, we simultaneously examine the direct and indirect effects of a common, invasive grass species (<em>Microstegium vimineum</em>) on the invertebrate communities of understory deciduous forests in the eastern United States. To do this, we use two complementary analytic approaches to compare invaded and reference plots: 1) community composition analysis of understory arthropod taxa and 2) analysis of isotopic carbon and nitrogen ratios of a representative predatory spider species.</p> <p>3. Invaded plots contained a significantly greater abundance of nearly all taxa, including predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Spider communities contained over seven times more individuals and exhibited greater species diversity and richness in invaded plots.</p> <p>4. Surprisingly, however, the abundant invertebrate community is not nutritionally supported by the invasive plant, despite 100% ground cover of <em>M. vimineum</em>. Instead, spider isotopic carbon ratios showed that the invertebrate prey community found within invaded plots was deriving energy from the plant tissue of C<sub>3</sub> plants and not the prevalent, aboveground <em>M. vimineum</em>. </p> <p>5. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that invasive <em>M. vimineum</em> can create non-nutritional ecological benefits for some invertebrate taxa, with potential impacts to the nutritional dynamics of invertebrate-vertebrate food webs. These positive impacts, however, may be restricted to habitats that experience high levels of ungulate herbivory or reduced vegetative structural complexity. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding taxon- and habitat-specific effects of invading plant species when prioritizing invasive species removal or management efforts. </p>
Invasive grass (Microstegium vimineum) indirectly benefits spider community by subsidizing available prey
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Resource availability and sexual size dimorphism: differential effects of prey abundance on the growth rates of tropical snakes
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Taking movement data to new depths: Inferring prey availability and patch profitability from seabird foraging behavior
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Variation in prey availability over time shaped the extinction dynamics of sabertoothed cats
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
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