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136 results for “prey species”
Data for: Dietary analysis reveals differences in the prey use of two sympatric bat species
<p>One mechanism for morphologically similar and sympatric species to avoid competition and facilitate coexistence is to feed on different prey items within different microhabitats. In the current study, we investigated and compared the diet of the two most common and similar-sized bat species in Japan – <em>Murina ussuriensis</em> (Ognev, 1913) and <em>Myotis ikonnikovi</em> (Ognev, 1912) – to gain more knowledge about the degree of overlap in their diet and their foraging behavior. We found that both bat species consumed prey from the orders of Lepidoptera and Diptera most frequently, while the proportion of Dipterans was higher in the diet of <em>M. ikonnikovi</em>. Furthermore, we found a higher prey diversity in the diet of <em>M. ikonnikovi</em> compared to that of <em>M. ussuriensis</em><em> </em>which might indicate that the former is a more generalist predator than the latter. In contrast, the diet of <em>M. ussuriensis</em> contained many Lepidopteran families. The higher probability of prey items likely captured via gleaning to occur in the diet of <em>M. ussuriensis</em> in contrast to <em>M. ikonnikovi</em> indicates that <em>M. ussuriensis</em> might switch between aerial-hawking and gleaning modes of foraging behavior. We encourage further studies across various types of habitats and seasons to investigate the flexibility of the diet composition and foraging habitat use of these two bat species.</p>
Joint species distribution modeling reveals a changing prey landscape for North Pacific right whales on the Bering shelf
<p>The eastern North Pacific right whale (NPRW) is the most endangered population of whale and has been observed north of its core feeding ground in recent years with low sea ice extent. Sea ice and water temperature are important drivers for zooplankton dynamics within the whale's core feeding ground in the southeastern Bering Sea, seasonally forming stable fronts along the shelf that give rise to distinct zooplankton communities. A northward shift in NPRW distribution driven by changing distribution of prey resources could put this species at increased risk of entanglement and vessel strikes. We modeled the abundance of NPRW prey, <em>Calanus glacialis</em>, <em>Neocalanus</em>, and <em>Thysanoessa</em> species, using a dynamic biophysical food web model of nine zooplankton guilds in the Bering shelf zooplankton community during a period of warming (2006–2016). This model is unique from prior zooplankton studies from the region in that it includes density dependence, thereby allowing us to ask whether species interactions influence zooplankton dynamics. Modeling confirmed the importance of sea ice and ocean temperature to zooplankton dynamics in the region. Density-independent growth drove community dynamics while dependent factors were comparatively minimal. Overall, <em>Calanus</em> responded to environmental terms, with the strength and direction of response driven by copepodite stage. <em>Neocalanus</em> and <em>Thysanoessa</em> responses were weaker, likely due to their primary occurrence on the outer shelf. We also modeled the steady-state (equilibrium) abundance of <em>Calanus</em> in conditions with and without wind gusts to test whether advection of outer shelf species might disrupt steady-state dynamics of <em>Calanus</em> abundance; results did not support disruption. Given the annual fall sampling design, we interpret our results as follows: low ice-extent winters induced stronger spring winds and weakened fronts on the shelf, thereby advecting some outer shelf species into the study region; increased development rates in these warm conditions influenced the proportion of <em>C. glacialis</em> copepodite stages over the season. Residual correlation suggests missing drivers, possibly predators and phytoplankton bloom composition. Given the continued loss of sea ice in the region and projected continued warming, our findings suggest that <em>C. glacialis</em> will move northward, and thus, whales may move northward to continue targeting them.</p>
Widespread resilience of animal species, functional diversity, and predator-prey networks to an unprecedented gigafire
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Assessing cooper’s hawk (<em>Astur cooperii</em>) and sharp-shinned hawk (<em>Accipiter striatus</em>) prey size and species composition using citizen science data
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Data for: Dietary analysis reveals differences in the prey use of two sympatric bat species
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Data from: Antagonistic species interaction drives selection for sex in a predator-prey system
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More intraguild prey than pest species in arachnid diets may compromise biological control in apple orchards
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Joint species distribution modeling reveals a changing prey landscape for North Pacific right whales on the Bering shelf
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Dancing with the devil: Could native predators inside 'predator free' havens be good for the conservation of threatened native prey species?
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Congeneric predators fill discrete niches created by the relative abundances of their prey species
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Data from: Biogeochemical patterns in prey species reveal complex mercury exposure pathways from the environment to Aleutian Steller sea lions
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Coexistence of predators in time: effects of season and prey availability on species activity within a Mediterranean carnivore guild
<p>1. The degree of coexistence among predators can determine the structure of ecological communities. Niche partitioning is a common strategy applied by species to enhance their coexistence. Diet, habitat or time use can be responsible for segregation among carnivore species, the latter factor being the least studied in Mediterranean ecosystems. Terrestrial medium-sized carnivores (i.e. mesocarnivores) carry out important functions in ecosystems and identifying their interactions is essential for their conservation.</p> <p>2. In this study, we explore the activity of a terrestrial mesocarnivore guild in order to determine seasonal differences on daily activity patterns of competitors and prey. We also investigate how the abundance of a common mesocarnivore prey in the region, small mammals, influences the activity of predators.</p> <p>3. During a year, camera trap devices (n=18) were installed in Montseny Natural Park (Catalan Pre-Coastal Range, Nort-East Iberian Peninsula), a region that hosts five mesocarnivore species. Camera trapping detections were used to estimate their daily activity patterns and corresponding overlaps. We also surveyed small mammal plots (n=5) in order to calculate prey abundance and test its effect on the relative activity of each carnivore species.</p> <p>4. Despite all target mesocarnivores are mainly nocturnal, the activity overlap among them varies according to species particularities and season. Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) appears as a generalist species in terms of time use, whereas stone marten (Martes foina) and genet (Genetta genetta) show the most similar activity patterns and both of them seem to be positively influenced by small mammal abundance. Overall, the diversity found in the way mesocarnivore species use time could facilitate their coexistence.</p> <p>5. Despite activity pattern similarities among carnivore species should not be directly translated to negative interactions, they can have a strong influence in habitat and resource-limited ecosystems. Therefore, activity overlaps should be taken into account when discussing wildlife management actions.</p>
Data from: Trophic rewilding establishes a landscape of fear: Tasmanian devil introduction increases risk-sensitive foraging in a key prey species
Global declines of large carnivores have reduced the 'landscape of fear' that constrains the behaviour of other species. In recent years, active and passive trophic rewilding have potentially begun restoring these lost top-down controls. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) has declined severely due to a novel transmissible cancer. In response to extinction fears, devils were introduced to the devil-free Maria Island, where their abundance rapidly increased. We tested how this introduction influenced risk-sensitive foraging in the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a major prey species for devils, using giving-up densities (GUDs). Before the introduction of devils, possum GUDs on Maria Island were indistinguishable from the long-diseased region of Tasmania, where devils have been rare since ~2000. Three years after devil introduction, GUDs were 64% higher on Maria Island than the control region, demonstrating that after an initial period of high mortality, possums quickly adopted risk-sensitive foraging behaviours. Devil activity across Maria Island was variable, leading to a heterogeneous landscape of fear and highlighting that top predators must be at functional densities to elicit behavioural responses from prey. Our study provides strong evidence that top predators modify the behaviour of prey by instilling fear, causing rapid ecological change following recoveries.
Alternative responses by two species of jumping spiders to unpalatability and toxicity in prey
<p>A key challenge for generalist predators is avoiding toxins in prey. Species-specific strategies range from total avoidance of distasteful (and potentially toxic) prey to the use of physiological mechanisms to metabolize toxins after consumption. We compare two species of jumping spiders, <i>Habronattus trimaculatus</i> and <i>Phidippus regius.</i> Based on several anecdotal observations and other aspects of their biology, we hypothesized <i>a priori </i>that <i>H. trimaculatus</i> would be (1) less willing to feed on unpalatable prey and (2) more susceptible to toxins that are consumed compared with <i>P. regius.</i> In Experiment 1, we presented spiders of both species with size-matched quinine-dipped crickets. Consistent with our hypothesis, all <i>H. trimaculatus</i> attacked and rejected them while all <i>P. regius</i> attacked and consumed them. In Experiments 2 and 3 we assigned spiders of both species to experimental feeding treatments with varying levels of toxicity (using toxic springtails, <i>Folsomia candida</i>) and assessed effects on their growth. Spiders of both species readily fed on the springtails. Collectively, results from these two experiments suggest that springtails have negative effects on both species, but that these effects are stronger in <i>H. trimaculatus</i>. <i>Habronattus </i>has a unique red retinal filter pigment (not found in <i>Phidippus) </i>that likely improves their ability to discriminate reds and oranges. The evolution of this unique visual system may have been driven by their heightened susceptibility to prey toxins, and thus the benefits of avoiding prey that advertise toxins with long-wavelength colors. </p>
Data from: Metabarcoding for the parallel identification of several hundred predators and their preys: application to bat species diet analysis
Assessing diet variability is of main importance to better understand the biology of bats and design conservation strategies. Although the advent of metabarcoding has facilitated such analyses, this approach does not come without challenges. Biases may occur throughout the whole experiment, from fieldwork to biostatistics, resulting in the detection of false negatives, false positives or low taxonomic resolution. We detail a rigorous metabarcoding approach based on a short COI minibarcode and two-step PCR protocol enabling the 'all at once' taxonomic identification of bats and their arthropod preys for several hundreds of samples. Our study includes faecal pellets collected in France from 357 bats representing 16 species, as well as insect mock communities that mimic bat meals of known composition, negative and positive controls. All samples were analysed using three replicates. We compare the efficiency of DNA extraction methods and we evaluate the effectiveness of our protocol using identification success, taxonomic resolution, sensitivity, and amplification biases. Our parallel identification strategy of predators and preys reduces the risk of mis-assigning preys to wrong predators and decreases the number of molecular steps. Controls and replicates enable to filter the data and limit the risk of false positives, hence guaranteeing high confidence results for both prey occurrence and bat species identification. We validate 551 COI variants from arthropod including 18 orders, 117 family, 282 genus and 290 species. Our method therefore provides a rapid, resolutive and cost-effective screening tool for addressing evolutionary ecological issues or developing 'chirosurveillance' and conservation strategies.
Data from: Corridors or risk? movement along, and use of, linear features vary predictably among large mammal predator and prey species
<p>1. Space-use behaviour reflects trade-offs in meeting ecological needs and can have consequences for individual survival and population demographics. The mechanisms underlying space-use can be understood by simultaneously evaluating habitat selection and movement patterns, and fine-resolution locational data are increasing our ability to do so. 2. We use high-resolution location data and an integrated step-selection analysis to evaluate caribou, moose, bear, and wolf habitat selection and movement behavior in response to anthropogenic habitat modification, though caribou data were limited. Space-use response to anthropogenic linear features (LFs) by predators and prey are hypothesized to increase predator hunting efficiency and are thus believed to be a leading factor in woodland caribou declines in western Canada. 3. We found that all species moved faster while on LFs. Wolves and bears were also attracted towards LFs, whereas prey species avoided them. Predators and prey responded less strongly and consistently to natural features such as streams, rivers and lakeshores. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that LFs facilitate predator movement and increase hunting efficiency, while prey perceive such features as risky. 4. Understanding the behavioural mechanisms underlying space-use patterns is important in understanding how future land-use may impact predator-prey interactions. Explicitly linking behaviour to fitness and demography will be important to fully understand the implications of management strategies.</p>
Data from: Predators regulate prey species sorting and spatial distribution in microbial landscapes
1. The role of predation in determining the metacommunity assembly model of prey communities is understudied relative to that of interspecific competition among prey. Previous work on metacommunity dynamics of competing species has shown that sorting by habitat patch type and spatial patterning can be affected by disturbances. 2. Microcosms offer a useful model system to test the effect of multi-trophic interactions and disturbance on metacommunity dynamics. Here, we investigated the potential role of predators in enhancing or disrupting sorting and spatial pattern among prey in experimental landscapes. 3. We exposed multi-trophic protist microcosm landscapes with one predator, two competing prey, two patch resource types, and localized dispersal to three disturbance regimes (none, low, and high). Then, we used variation partitioning and spatial clustering analysis to analyze the results. 4. In contrast with previous experiments that did not manipulate predators, we found that patch type did not structure prey communities very well. Instead, we found that it was the distribution of the predator that most strongly predicted the composition of the prey community. 5. The predator impacted species sorting by 1) preferentially consuming one prey, thereby acting as a strong local environmental driver, and by 2) indirectly magnifying the impact of patch food resources on the less preferred prey. The predator also enhanced spatial signal in the prey community because of its limited dispersal. Our results indicate that predators can strongly influence prey species sorting and spatial patterning in metacommunities in ways that would otherwise be attributed to stochastic effects, such as dispersal limitation or demographic drift. Therefore, whenever possible, predators should be explicitly included as separate explanatory factors in variation partitioning analyses.
Data from: Phenotypic selection exerted by a seed predator is replicated in space and time and among prey species
Although consistent phenotypic selection arising from biotic interactions is thought to be the primary cause of adaptive diversification, studies documenting such selection are relatively few. Here we analyze 12 episodes of phenotypic selection exerted by a predispersal seed predator, the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra complex), on five species of pines (Pinus). We find that even though the intensity of selection for some traits increased with the strength of the interaction (i.e., proportion of seeds eaten), the relative strength of selection exerted by crossbills on cone and seed traits is replicated across space, time, and among species. Such selection (1) can account for repeated patterns of conifer cone evolution, and escalation in seed defenses with time, and (2) suggests that variation in selection is less the result of variation intrinsic to pairwise biotic interactions than, for example, variation in relative densities of the interacting species, community context, and abiotic factors.
Data from: The effect of trap colour and trap-flower distance on prey and pollinator capture in carnivorous Drosera species
1. The functional features of carnivorous plants' traps have been mostly interpreted as adaptations to capture prey. Carnivorous plants that feed on insects, however, run the risk that increasing trapping effectiveness might in turn reduce reproductive success through capture of pollinators. Such a pollinator–prey conflict might play an important role in the evolution of trap features. In carnivorous plants with sticky leaves (e.g. Drosera, Pinguicula), both spatial distance between traps and flowers and their visual signals (e.g. colour, display size) likely play a role in attracting prey but it has also been suggested that they affect the risk of potential pollinators landing on a trap. It has been reported, for example, that red pigmentation in carnivorous plants may lure insect prey to traps. This idea remains controversial, however, because colour vision of most insects does not extend very far into the red part of the spectrum. 2. We tested an alternative hypothesis, namely that red pigmentation of the trapping leaves may reduce the risk of a pollinator–prey conflict. Experiments were conducted in a natural habitat of Drosera arcturi and D. spatulata in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Using sticky model traps similar in shape to Drosera leaf traps and flowers, we investigated the effect of colour (green vs. red vs. white) and flower-trap distance (flower stalk length and leaf arrangement, that is upright as in D. arcturi vs. flat ground rosette as in D. spatulata) on composition and abundance of insects landing and being trapped. 3. Flower-trap distance had no significant effect on the risk of pollinators being trapped but model flowers higher above the ground received more pollinator landings. Across all model traps, the number of trapped potential pollinators was significantly lower in traps with red leaves compared to green ones. 4. The results suggest that the typical red pigmentation of the trapping leaves in Drosera may be a way to protect pollinators from being attracted and captured. However, our data also suggest that pollinator protection via red traps may come with a trade-off since total prey capture was also significantly reduced.
FIGURES 17–21. Torquatoides noerdjitoi n in Two new species of habronematid nematodes (Nematoda: Spirurida: Habronematidae) in birds of prey from West Java, Indonesia with a key to species of Torquatoides
FIGURES 17–21. Torquatoides noerdjitoi n. sp. 17. Anterior end of female, lateral view; 18. Anterior end of female, apical view; 19. Body striation, dorsal view; 20. Posterior end of female, lateral view; 21. Vulva. Scale bars: Figs. 17, 18, 19 & 21: 10 µm; fig. 20: 30 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.