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203 results for “rates of evolution”
Data from: Phylogenomics resolves major relationships and reveals significant diversification rate shifts in the evolution of silk moths and relatives
Background: Silkmoths and their relatives constitute the ecologically and taxonomically diverse superfamily Bombycoidea, which includes some of the most charismatic species of Lepidoptera. Despite displaying spectacular forms and diverse ecological traits, relatively little attention has been given to understanding their evolution and drivers of their diversity. To begin to address this problem, we created a new Bombycoidea-specific Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) probe set and sampled up to 571 loci for 117 taxa across all major lineages of the Bombycoidea, with a newly developed DNA extraction protocol that allows Lepidoptera specimens to be readily sequenced from pinned natural history collections.Results The well-supported tree was overall consistent with prior morphological and molecular studies, although some taxa (e.g., the bombycid, Arotros Schaus) were misplaced and here formally transferred to Apatelodidae. We identified important evolutionary patterns (e.g., morphology, biogeography, and differences in speciation and extinction), and our analysis of diversification rates highlights the stark increases that exist within the Sphingidae (hawkmoths) and Saturniidae (wild silkmoths).Conclusions Our study establishes a backbone for future evolutionary, comparative, and taxonomic studies of Bombycoidea. We postulate that the rate shifts identified are due to the well-documented bat-moth "arms race". Our research highlights the flexibility of AHE to generate genomic data from a wide range of museum specimens, both age and preservation method, and will allow researchers to tap into the wealth of biological data residing in natural history collections around the globe.
High rates of evolution preceded shifts to sex-biased gene expression in Leucadendron, the most sexually dimorphic angiosperms
<p>Differences between males and females are usually more subtle in dioecious plants than animals, but strong sexual dimorphism has evolved convergently in the South African Cape plant genus <i>Leucadendron</i>. Such sexual dimorphism in leaf size is expected largely to be due to differential gene expression between the sexes. We compared patterns of gene expression in leaves among ten <i>Leucadendron </i>species across the genus. Surprisingly, we found no positive association between sexual dimorphism in morphology and the number or the percentage of sex-biased genes. Sex bias in most sex-biased genes evolved recently and was species-specific. We compared rates of evolutionary change in expression for genes that were sex-biased in one species but unbiased in others and found that sex-biased genes evolved faster in expression than un-biased genes. This greater rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes, also documented in animals, might suggest the possible role of sexual selection in the evolution of gene expression. However, our comparative analysis clearly indicates that the more rapid rate of expression evolution of sex-biased genes predated the origin of bias, and shifts towards bias were depleted in signatures of adaptation. Our results are thus more consistent with the view that sex bias is simply freer to evolve in genes less subject to constraints in expression level.</p>
Data from: Population size mediates the contribution of high-rate and large-benefit mutations to parallel evolution
<p>The study "Population size mediates the contribution of high-rate and large-benefit mutations to parallel evolution" by Schenk et al. explores the phenotypic and genotypic changes in <em>Escherichia coli </em>after 500 generations of laboratory adaptation to increasing concentrations of an antibiotic (CTX). The source data files and scripts pertaining to the figures in the main manuscript and the extended data are available on the publishers webiste. Here we provide the source data files and scripts pertaining to the supplementary materials, organized according the figures in the supplementary material. Data are provided for Figures S2-S4, S6-S8, and S10-S12.</p>
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the evolution of covid -19 patients attended at the CLAS health center, Nuevo Lurin-2021
<p>Abstract</p> <p><strong>Background:</strong> To determine the values of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the evolution of patients with COVID -19 with treatment attended at the CLAS Health Center, Nuevo Lurín.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> The research was applied with an observational and descriptive method. The approach was quantitative, applied and cross-sectional. The study population was 13,000 patients in the CLAS center in Nuevo Lurin. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were only 45 male and female patients attended at the CLAS Health Center in Nuevo Lurin between February and June 2021, to whom the capillary method was applied in order to determine the values of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the evolution of COVID-19 patients. The data collection instrument was a record card.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> It was compared that between male and female sex, there are statistically significant differences between the 45 COVID-19 patients evaluated. Higher values were identified in 7 male patients, while in women there was 1 patient with elevated values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. This shows that there is a higher incidence of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in males.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate were determined in 45 patients with COVID-19 evolution with treatment attended at the CLAS Health Center in Nuevo Lurin and confirming that erythrocyte sedimentation rate evolves significantly in COVID-19 patients.</p>
Data from: Rates of niche and phenotype evolution lag behind diversification in a temperate radiation
Environmental change can create opportunities for increased rates of lineage diversification, but continued species accumulation has been hypothesized to lead to slowdowns via competitive exclusion and niche partitioning. Such density-dependent models imply tight linkages between diversification and trait evolution, but there are plausible alternative models. Little is known about the association between diversification and key ecological and phenotypic traits at broad phylogenetic and spatial scales. Do trait evolutionary rates coincide with rates of diversification, are there lags among these rates, or is diversification niche-neutral? To address these questions, we combine a deeply sampled phylogeny for a major flowering plant clade-Saxifragales-with phenotype and niche data to examine temporal patterns of evolutionary rates. The considerable phenotypic and habitat diversity of Saxifragales is greatest in temperate biomes. Global expansion of these habitats since the mid-Miocene provided ecological opportunities that, with density-dependent adaptive radiation, should result in simultaneous rate increases for diversification, niche, and phenotype, followed by decreases with habitat saturation. Instead, these rates have significantly different timings, with increases in diversification occurring at the mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum (~15 mya), followed by increases in niche and phenotypic evolutionary rates by ~5 mya; all rates increase exponentially to the present. We attribute this surprising lack of temporal coincidence to initial niche-neutral diversification followed by ecological and phenotypic divergence coincident with more extreme cold and dry habitats that proliferated into the Pleistocene. A lack of density-dependence contrasts with investigations of other cosmopolitan lineages, suggesting alternative patterns may be common in the diversification of temperate lineages.
Supplementary Materials for: Phylogenomics, lineage diversification rates, and the evolution of diadromy in Clupeiformes (anchovies, herrings, sardines, and relatives)
<p>Migration independently evolved numerous times in animals, with a myriad of ecological and evolutionary implications. In fishes, perhaps the most extreme form of migration is diadromy, the migration between marine and freshwater environments. A key and longstanding question is how does diadromy influence lineage diversification rates? Many diadromous species travel long distances during migration, have large geographic ranges, and use isolated freshwater habitats, which may increase the likelihood of speciation. Alternatively, diadromy may reduce lineage diversification rates if migration facilitates gene flow, homogenizing populations and stymieing speciation. Clupeiformes (herrings, sardines, shads and anchovies) is a model clade for testing hypotheses about the evolution of diadromy because it includes an exceptionally high proportion of diadromous species and several independent evolutionary origins of diadromy. However, relationships among major clupeiform lineages remain unresolved with sparse (<50%) sampling of diadromous species, limiting the resolution of phylogenetically-informed statistical analyses. We assembled a phylogenomic dataset and used multi-species coalescent and concatenation approaches to generate the most comprehensive, highly-resolved clupeiform phylogeny to date, clarifying relationships among major clades of Clupeiformes, revealing taxa requiring revision, and identifying recalcitrant relationships needing further examination. Using this phylogeny as the evolutionary framework for downstream comparative analyses, we tested the hypothesis that diadromous lineages diversified faster than lineages restricted to either marine or freshwater habitats. We found that transitions to diadromy were more common than transitions from diadromy to non-diadromy. The largest lineage diversification rate increase in clupeiforms is associated with a transition to diadromy, but we uncovered little statistical support for categorically faster lineage diversification rates in diadromous versus non-diadromous fishes. We propose that diadromy may increase the potential for accelerated lineage diversification, particularly in species that migrate long distances, but this potential may only be realized in certain biogeographic contexts.</p>
Diverse aging rates in ectothermic tetrapods provide insights for the evolution of aging and longevity
<p>Comparative studies of mortality in the wild are necessary to understand the evolution of aging, yet ectothermic tetrapods are under-represented in this comparative landscape despite their suitability for testing evolutionary hypotheses. We present a study of aging rates and longevity across wild tetrapod ectotherms, utilizing data from 107 populations (77 species) of non-avian reptiles and amphibians. We test hypotheses of how thermoregulatory mode, temperature, protective phenotypes, and pace of life history contribute to demographic aging. Controlling for phylogeny and body size, ectotherms display a higher diversity of aging rates than endotherms and include phylogenetically widespread evidence of negligible aging. Protective phenotypes and life-history strategies further explain macroevolutionary patterns of aging. By adding ectothermic tetrapods, our comparative analyses enhance our understanding of the evolution of aging.</p>
The Impact of Nuclear Reaction Rate Uncertainties on the Evolution of Core-collapse Supernova Progenitors
<p>MESA inlists associated with <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2018ApJS..234...19F/abstract">Fields et al. (2018)</a>. MESA version 7624.</p> <p>Publication DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aaa29b">10.3847/1538-4365/aaa29b</a></p>
Fig. 5 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic distribution of selected radiolarian species at Site 845.
Fig. 4 in Neogene radiolarian biostratigraphy and faunal evolution rates in the eastern equatorial Pacific ODP Sites 845 and 1241
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic distribution of selected radiolarian species at Site 1241.
Analyzing disparity and rates of morphological evolution with model-based phylogenetic comparative methods
<p>Understanding variation in rates of evolution and morphological disparity is a goal of macroevolutionary research. In a phylogenetic comparative methods framework, we present three explicit models for linking the rate of evolution of a trait to the state of another evolving trait. This allows testing hypotheses about causal influences on rates of phenotypic evolution with phylogenetic comparative data. We develop a statistical framework for fitting the models with generalized least-squares regression, and use this to discuss issues and limitations in the study of rates of evolution more generally. We show that the power to detect effects on rates of evolution is low in that even strong causal effects are unlikely to explain more than a few percent of observed variance in disparity. We illustrate the models and issues by testing if rates of beak-shape evolution in birds are influenced by brain size, as may be predicted from a Baldwin effect in which presumptively more behaviorally flexible large-brained species generate more novel selection on themselves leading to higher rates of evolution. From an analysis of morphometric data for 645 species we find evidence that both macro- and microevolution of the beak are faster in birds with larger brains, but with the caveat that there are no consistent effects of relative brain size.</p>
Data from: Modeling the evolution of rates of continuous trait evolution
<p>Rates of phenotypic evolution vary markedly across the tree of life, from the accelerated evolution apparent in adaptive radiations to the remarkable evolutionary stasis exhibited by so-called "living fossils". Such rate variation has important consequences for large-scale evolutionary dynamics, generating vast disparities in phenotypic diversity across space, time, and taxa. Despite this, most methods for estimating trait evolution rates assume rates vary deterministically with respect to some variable of interest or change infrequently during a clade's history. These assumptions may cause underfitting of trait evolution models and mislead hypothesis testing. Here, we develop a new trait evolution model that allows rates to vary gradually and stochastically across a clade. Further, we extend this model to accommodate generally decreasing or increasing rates over time, allowing for flexible modeling of "early/late bursts" of trait evolution. We implement a Bayesian method, termed "evolving rates" (evorates for short), to efficiently fit this model to comparative data. Through simulation, we demonstrate that evorates can reliably infer both how and in which lineages trait evolution rates varied during a clade's history. We apply this method to body size evolution in cetaceans, recovering substantial support for an overall slowdown in body size evolution over time with recent bursts among some oceanic dolphins and relative stasis among beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon. These results unify and expand on previous research, demonstrating the empirical utility of evorates.</p>
Data: Female-limited responses in remating rate and mating duration in the experimental evolution of a beetle Callosobruchus chinensis
<p><span>Mating rate optima often differ between the sexes: males may increase their fitness by multiple mating, but for females, multiple mating confers little benefit and can often be costly (especially in taxa without nuptial gifts or mala parental care). Sexually antagonistic evolution is thus expected in traits related to mating rates under sexual selection. This prediction has been tested by multiple studies that applied the experimental evolution technique, which is a powerful tool to directly examine the evolutionary consequences of selection. Yet, the results so far only partly support the prediction. Here we provide another example of experimental evolution of sexual selection, by applying it for the first time to the mating behavior of a seed beetle <em>Callsorobruchus</em> <em>chinensis</em>. We found a lower remating rate in polygamy-line females than in monogamy-line (i.e. no sexual selection) females after 21 generations of selection. Polygamy-line females also showed a longer duration of first mating than monogamy-line females. We found no effect of male evolutionary lines on the remating rate or first mating duration. Though not consistent with the original prediction, the current and previous studies collectively suggest that the observed female-limited responses may be a norm, which is also consistent with the conceptual advances in the last two decades of the advantages and limitations of the experimental evolution technique.</span></p>
Data from: Evaluating the accuracy of methods for detecting correlated rates of molecular and morphological evolution
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Determining the link between genomic and phenotypic change is a </span><span>fundamental goal in evolutionary biology. Insights into this link can be gained by using a phylogenetic approach to test for correlations between rates of molecular and morphological evolution. However, there has been persistent uncertainty about the relationship between these rates, partly because conflicting results have been obtained using various methods that have not been examined in detail. We carried out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of five statistical methods for detecting correlated rates of evolution. Our simulations explored the evolution of molecular sequences and morphological characters under a range of conditions. Of the methods tested, Bayesian relaxed-clock estimation of branch rates was able to detect correlated rates of evolution correctly in the largest number of cases. This was followed by correlations of root-to-tip distances, Bayesian model selection, independent sister-pairs contrasts, and likelihood-based model selection. As expected, the power to detect correlated rates increased with the amount of data, both in terms of tree size and number of morphological characters. Likewise, greater among-lineage rate variation in the data led to improved performance of all five methods, particularly for Bayesian relaxed-clock analysis when the rate model was mismatched. We then applied these methods to a data set from flowering plants and did not find evidence of a correlation in evolutionary rates between genomic data and morphological characters. The results of our study have practical implications for phylogenetic analyses of combined molecular and morphological data sets, and highlight the conditions under which the links between genomic and phenotypic rates of evolution can be evaluated quantitatively.</span></p>
Evolution Of Growth Rate In Children With Growth Retardation Due to Glucocorticosteroid Therapy And Treated By Genotonorm
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00163189. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Heterogeneity in the rate of molecular sequence evolution substantially impacts the accuracy of detecting shifts in diversification rates
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Supplementary materials for: Phylogenomics, lineage diversification rates, and the evolution of diadromy in clupeiformes (anchovies, herrings, sardines, and relatives)
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Data from: A Bayesian approach for inferring the impact of a discrete character on rates of continuous-character evolution in the presence of background-rate variation
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Data from: Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
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Data from: Phylogenomics resolves major relationships and reveals significant diversification rate shifts in the evolution of silk moths and relatives
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.