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86 results for “resource allocation”
Data from: Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication
Background and Aims: Most crops have been dramatically altered from their wild ancestors with the primary goal of increasing harvestable yield. A long-held hypothesis is that increased allocation to yield has reduced plant investment in defence and resulted in crops that are highly susceptible to pests. However, clear demonstrations of these trade-offs have been elusive due to the many selective pressures that occur concurrently during crop domestication. Methods: To provide a robust test of whether increased allocation to yield can alter plant investment in defence, this study examined fruit chemical defence traits and herbivore resistance across 52 wild and 56 domesticated genotypes of apples that vary >26-fold in fruit size. Ninety-six phenolic metabolites were quantified in apple skin, pulp and seeds, and resistance to the codling moth was assessed with a series of bioassays. Key Results: The results show that wild apples have higher total phenolic concentrations and a higher diversity of metabolites than domesticated apples in skin, pulp and seeds. A negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolics indicates that this pattern is driven in part by allocation-based trade-offs between yield and defence. There were no clear differences in codling moth performance between wild and domesticated apples and no overall effects of total phenolic concentration on codling moth performance, but the results did show that codling moth resistance was increased in apples with higher phenolic diversity. The concentrations of a few individual compounds (primarily flavan-3-ols) also correlated with increased resistance, primarily driven by a reduction in pupal mass of female moths. Conclusions: The negative phenotypic relationship between fruit size and phenolic content, observed across a large number of wild and domesticated genotypes, supports the hypothesis of yield–defence trade-offs in crops. However, the limited effects of phenolics on codling moth highlight the complexity of consequences that domestication has for plant–herbivore interactions. Continued studies of crop domestication can further our understanding of the multiple trade-offs involved in plant defence, while simultaneously leading to novel discoveries that can improve the sustainability of crop production.
Input data and scenarios outputs of the Water Resources Research paper "Optimal economic spatial and temporal allocation of green and grey investment to address water security threats : Case Study - Velhas River Basin, Brazil"
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Pareto-OptimaL allocatIon of Continuous IntEgration Resources
<p>Pareto-OptimaL allocatIon of Continuous IntEgration Resources (POLICIER) replication package</p>
Plant neighbors differentially alter a focal species' biotic interactions through changes to resource allocation
<p>Plant resource allocation strategies are thought to be largely a consequence of changing abiotic conditions and evolutionary history. However, biotic interactions also influence how a plant allocates resources. As a result, plants mediate indirect interactions between organisms above- and belowground through resource allocation. Neighboring plants can influence plant fitness directly through competition for resources, and indirectly by altering associated community interactions (associational effects). Given the importance of community interactions for plant success, and the known ability for plant neighbors to change these interactions, the goal of this "pandemic project" was to separate inter- and intraspecific plant associations, above- and belowground, to understand how different plant neighbors alter plant resource allocation, and if this in turn alters biotic interactions. We specifically investigated associational effects on herbivory and soil microbial community interactions. To do so, we established a common garden experiment, manipulating plant neighbors and extent of interactions (aboveground only versus above- and belowground interactions, using customized pot types), and measured changes to a focal plant and its biotic interactions over two growing seasons. We found evidence of both neighbor effects and pot type, showing that neighbor interactions affect a focal plant through both above- and belowground processes, and how the focal plant is affected depends on neighbor identity. Though neighbors did not directly alter herbivory or most soil microbial interactions, they did alter the relationship between belowground microbial communities and plant function. Resource allocation responses were reduced with time, showing the importance of extending experiments beyond a single growing season, and is an important consideration when making predictions about plant responses to changing conditions. This study contributes to a growing body of work showing how the community context affects the above- and belowground interactions of a plant through plant resource allocation strategies.</p>
Effects of brood and group size on nestling provisioning and resource allocation in a communal bird
<p>Resource limitations, either due to environmental conditions or constraints on parental provisioning effort, can drive intense competition among offspring. In communal groups, resource availability may increase if parents receive assistance from other group members; however, if those caregivers also produce young, offspring demand may increase at the same time. It is possible, therefore, that the costs of intrabrood competition in large broods may outweigh the benefits of provisioning from additional caregivers. We tested the relationships between group size, brood size, and provisioning rates in the greater ani (<em>Crotophaga</em> <em>major</em>), a communally nesting cuckoo in which multiple breeding pairs and nonreproductive helpers cooperatively raise a shared brood. Crucially, brood and group size can vary independently in this species, allowing us to test changes in each variable separately. Using video footage of 2255 prey deliveries across 10 nests, we found that an increase in the number of adult caregivers within a group did not sufficiently offset a corresponding increase in the number of dependent young within a brood: prey availability per average nestling decreased with brood size, regardless of group size. In larger broods, last-hatched nestlings received significantly less prey than their broodmates, in part due to greater hatching asynchrony that exacerbated competitive asymmetries and facilitated inequality in food allocation. Our results indicate that last-hatched ani nestlings suffer a "double cost" in large broods: they must compete with more nestmates, and suffer disproportionately from asynchronous hatching. These costs may contribute to increased parent-offspring conflict and may constrain group size in communal breeders.</p>
Wyniki zawarte w Energy-Efficient OFDM Radio Resource Allocation Optimization With Computational Awareness: A Survey
<p>This resource contains the results included in Energy-Efficient OFDM Radio Resource Allocation Optimization With Computational Awareness: A Survey</p>
Exploring the Relationship Between Social Expertise and Ability to Process Different Types of Abstract Concepts and the Neural Resources Allocated to Their Processing
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07112027. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 9.
Plant neighbors differentially alter a focal species’ biotic interactions through changes to resource allocation
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Data from: Complex genetic effects on early vegetative development shape resource allocation differences between Arabidopsis lyrata populations
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Data from: Resource allocation trade-offs and the loss of chemical defences during apple domestication
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Data from: Resource allocation during ontogeny is influenced by genetic, developmental, and ecological factors in the horned beetle, Onthophagus taurus
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Effects of brood and group size on nestling provisioning and resource allocation in a communal bird
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Variation in resource allocation strategies and environmental driving factors for different life forms of aquatic plants in cold temperate zones
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Resource allocation is determined by both parents and offspring in a burying beetle
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Allocating resources for land protection using continuous optimization: an application to US biodiversity conservation
Spatial optimization approaches that were originally developed to help conservation organizations determine protection decisions over small spatial scales are now used to inform global or continental scale priority setting. However, the different decision contexts involved in large-scale resource allocation need to be considered. We present a continuous optimization approach in which a decision-maker allocates funding to regional offices. Local decision-makers then use these funds to implement habitat protection efforts with varying effectiveness when evaluated in terms of the funder's goals. We illustrate this continuous formulation by examining the relative priority that should be given to different counties in the coterminous United States (US) when acquiring land to establish new protected areas. If weighting all species equally, counties in the southwest US, where large areas can be bought cheaply, are priorities for protection. If focusing only on species of conservation concern, priorities shift to locations rich in such species, particularly near expanding exurban areas facing high rates of future habitat conversion (e.g., south-central Texas). Priorities for protection are sensitive to what is assumed about local ecological and decision-making processes. For example, decision-makers who doubt the efficacy of local land protection efforts should focus on a few key areas, while optimistic decision-makers should disperse funding more widely. Efforts to inform large-scale conservation priorities should reflect better the types of choice that decision-makers actually face when working over these scales. They also need to report the sensitivity of recommended priorities to what are often unstated assumptions about local processes affecting conservation outcomes.
Data from: Pollen feeding, resource allocation and the evolution of chemical defense in passion vine butterflies
Evolution of pollen feeding in Heliconius has allowed exploitation of rich amino acid sources and dramatically reorganized life history traits. In Heliconius eggs are produced mainly from adult acquired resources, leaving somatic development and maintenance to larva effort. This innovation may also have spurred evolution of chemical defense via amino acid-derived cyanogenic glycosides. By contrast, non-pollen feeding heliconiines must rely almost exclusively on larval-acquired resources for both reproduction and defense. We tested whether adult amino acid intake has an immediate influence on cyanogenesis in Heliconius. Because Heliconius are more distasteful to bird predators than close relatives that do not utilize pollen we also compared cyanogenesis due to larval input across Heliconius species and non-pollen-feeding relatives. Except for one species, we found that varying the amino acid diet of an adult Heliconius has negligible effect on its cyanide concentration. Adults denied amino acids showed no decrease in cyanide and no adults showed cyanide increase when fed amino acids. Yet, pollen-feeding butterflies were capable of producing more defense than non-pollen feeding relatives and differences were detectable in freshly emerged adults, before input of adult resources. Our data points to a larger role of larval input in adult chemical defense. This, coupled with the compartmentalization of adult nutrition to reproduction and longevity suggests that one evolutionary consequence of pollen feeding, shifting the burden of reproduction to adults, is to allow the evolution of greater allocation of host plant amino acids to defensive compounds by larvae.
Data from: Resource allocation and seed size selection in perennial plants under pollen limitation
Pollen limitation may affect resource allocation patterns in plants, but its role in the selection of seed size is not known. Using an evolutionarily stable strategy model of resource allocation in perennial iteroparous plants, we show that under density-independent population growth, pollen limitation (i.e., a reduction in ovule fertilization rate) should increase the optimal seed size. At any level of pollen limitation (including none), the optimal seed size maximizes the ratio of juvenile survival rate to the resource investment needed to produce one seed (including both ovule production and seed provisioning); that is, the optimum maximizes the fitness effect per unit cost. Seed investment may affect allocation to postbreeding adult survival. In our model, pollen limitation increases individual seed size but decreases overall reproductive allocation, so that pollen limitation should also increase the optimal allocation to postbreeding adult survival. Under density-dependent population growth, the optimal seed size is inversely proportional to ovule fertilization rate. However, pollen limitation does not affect the optimal allocation to postbreeding adult survival and ovule production. These results highlight the importance of allocation trade-offs in the effect pollen limitation has on the ecology and evolution of seed size and postbreeding adult survival in perennial plants.
Data from: Relationships between resprouting ability, species traits, and resource allocation patterns in woody species in a temperate forest
Many woody plants resprout to restore above-ground biomass after disturbances or to survive in stressful environments. Resprouting requires carbohydrate storage, but the general relationship between resource allocation patterns and resprouting ability remains unclear because it can be influenced by the disturbance regime to which species have adapted. We studied deciduous broadleaved trees that coexist in a Japanese cool-temperate forest to investigate the relationships among the biomass and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) allocation patterns of saplings, resprouting ability and functional traits. The study species comprised 16 single-stemmed species that only resprout when above-ground biomass loss occurs and eight multi-stemmed species that resprout regardless of whether above-ground damage occurs or not. Single-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability had larger roots, whereas multi-stemmed species with better juvenile resprouting ability did not necessarily depend on below-ground reserves. Species that retain their ability to resprout until a larger size had a higher root TNC content as saplings, suggesting that they can survive major disturbances such as fire and coppicing by resprouting supported by TNC stored in their roots. Species with shade-tolerant traits (i.e. low foliar nitrogen indicating low photosynthetic capacity, high wood density indicating high defensive investment) had small below-ground TNC reserves irrespective of resprouting types. On the other hand, multi-stemmed species with high wood density and high LMA (indicating high photosynthetic capacity) had small above-ground TNC reserves. Contrary to our hypothesis, a species' maximum size did not relate to the size of its below-ground reserves. By considering the differences in resprouting types, we suggest more complex control of resprouting than was formerly proposed. Variation in the resprouting ability of single-stemmed species was based on a trade-off between below-ground reserves for resprouting and shade-tolerant traits. However, multi-stemmed species can vigorously resprout irrespective of the size of its below-ground reserves. Their multi-stemmed architecture, well-defended wood, high photosynthetic capacity or large above-ground carbohydrate reserves seem to respectively contribute to their persistence. Such variation in the resprouting strategy based on a trade-off between shade tolerance and resource storage would promote species coexistence under a range of disturbance regimes and light environments.
Data from: Fruiting strategies of perennial plants: a resource budget model to couple mast seeding to pollination efficiency and resource allocation strategies
Masting, a breeding strategy common in perennial plants, is defined by seed production that is highly variable over years and synchronized at the population level. Resource budget models (RBMs) proposed that masting relies on two processes: (i) the depletion of plant reserves following high fruiting levels, which leads to marked temporal fluctuations in fruiting; and (ii) outcross pollination that synchronizes seed crops among neighboring trees. We revisited the RBM approach to examine the extent to which masting could be impacted by the degree of pollination efficiency, by taking into account various logistic relationships between pollination success and pollen availability. To link masting to other reproductive traits, we split the reserve depletion coefficient into three biological parameters related to resource allocation strategies for flowering and fruiting. While outcross pollination is considered to be the key mechanism that synchronizes fruiting in RBMs, our model counterintuitively showed that intense masting should arise under low-efficiency pollination. When pollination is very efficient, medium-level masting may occur, provided that the costs of female flowering (relative to pollen production) and of fruiting (maximum fruit set and fruit size) are both very high. Our work highlights the powerful framework of RBMs, which include explicit biological parameters, to link fruiting dynamics to various reproductive traits and to provide new insights into the reproductive strategies of perennial plants.
GORA-PT: Gradient-based Optimization of Resource Allocation of progeny in breeding schemes with PyTorch
<p>This directory is a public directory to share the scripts, simulated datasets, and results for the paper "Differentiable breeding: Automatic differentiation enables efficient gradient-based optimization of breeding strategies". In the "BSP" folder, we shared the core codes for the differentiable breeding schemes implemented by the automatic differentiation function of PyTorch. In the "scripts" folder, we shared the codes to perform gradient-based and black-box-based optimizations. In the "midstream" folder, we shared the datasets simulated by R and all the results, including the optimized results by PyTorch.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.