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91 results for “resource partition”
Data from: Resource partitioning and interspecific interactions among sympatric rain forest arboreal mammals of the Western Ghats, India
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Data from: Multidimensional stable isotope analysis illuminates resource partitioning in a sub-Antarctic island bird community
1. A central theme in community ecology is understanding how similar species co-exist and how their interactions may evolve in the context of climate change. Most studies of resource partitioning among central place foragers, particularly birds, focus on the offspring-rearing period, when they are accessible, but breeding success may be determined earlier and little is known about how such species partition resources at the onset of breeding. 2. We used a non-invasive approach to evaluate resource partitioning in co-existing females at a sub-Antarctic island during their pre-laying periods. 3. Three hypotheses were tested using carbon, nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios measured in shells and membranes of hatched eggs as ecological tracers: 1) resource partitioning by geographic location and trophic level will exist among the 12 bird species and will be enhanced within taxonomic groups; 2) given the absence of strong oxygen gradients in the Southern Ocean we will not detect spatial structuring based on oxygen isotopes, but differences will exist between resident and oceanic species as the former may use meteoric water; 3) capital and income breeder strategies can be differentiated using stable isotopes of egg remains. 4. Two and three dimensional isotopic data showed resource partitioning among species. As predicted, segregation was evident within the four main taxonomic groups: penguins, albatrosses, burrowing petrels and giant petrels. Unexpectedly, oxygen isotopes revealed widespread use of meteoric water among a suite of sub-Antarctic birds. Stable isotopes allowed us to identify females of most species as income breeders at the onset of breeding, with the exception of the two crested penguin females exhibiting a mix of income and capital resources use. 5. Multidimensional isotopic analyses revealed that resource partitioning exists at multiple stages of the annual cycle in ways likely to be important under global change, exhibiting wide potential for ecosystem analysis.
Data from: Partitioning resources through the seasons: abundance and phenology of carrion beetles (Silphidae) in southeastern Ontario
<p>The coexistence of ecologically similar species is thought to require resource partitioning to minimize competition. Phenological, seasonal differences in activity may provide an important axis for resource partitioning. Here, we test for evidence of seasonal differences in activity within a diverse guild of carrion beetles (Silphidae) in a habitat preserve on the Frontenac Arch, southeastern Ontario, Canada using a large-scale survey during their active seasons (April to October). We then used generalized additive models to test for differences in seasonal abundance among eight co-occurring carrion beetle species, including five species of burying beetles (Nicrophorinae: <i>Nicrophorus </i>Fabricius, 1775) and three species from the Silphinae subfamily. Consistent with previous work, all species showed seasonal variation in abundance, with peak abundance of most species occurring between June and August. All but one species (<i>Nicrophorus sayi </i>Laporte, 1840) showed positive relationships between abundance and temperature. We find evidence consistent with seasonal partitioning of resources among <i>Nicrophorus </i>habitat generalists that could potentially reduce competition for limited carrion resources. In contrast, we find little evidence for seasonal differences in abundance among <i>Nicrophorus </i>habitat specialists, which instead may partition resources spatially. Overall, our results provide evidence consistent with an important role for seasonal resource partitioning among carrion beetle species that show higher levels of spatial (habitat) overlap within a temperate beetle guild.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific winter distribution in a sexually dimorphic shorebird is explained by resource partitioning
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) implies correlated differences in energetic requirements and feeding opportunities, such that sexes will face different trade-offs in habitat selection. In seasonal migrants, this could result in a differential spatial distribution across the wintering range. To identify the ecological causes of sexual spatial segregation, we studied a sexually dimorphic shorebird, the bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica, in which females have a larger body and a longer bill than males. With respect to the trade-offs that these migratory shorebirds experience in their choice of wintering area, northern and colder wintering sites have the benefit of being closer to the Arctic breeding grounds. According to Bergmann's rule, the larger females should incur lower energetic costs per unit of body mass over males, helping them to winter in the cold. However, as the sexes have rather different bill lengths, differences in sex-specific wintering sites could also be due to the vertical distribution of their buried prey, that is, resource partitioning. Here, in a comparison between six main intertidal wintering areas across the entire winter range of the lapponica subspecies in northwest Europe, we show that the percentage of females between sites was not correlated with the cost of wintering, but was positively correlated with the biomass in the bottom layer and negatively with the biomass in the top layer. We conclude that resource partitioning, rather than relative expenditure advantages, best explains the differential spatial distribution of male and female bar-tailed godwits across northwest Europe.
Data from: Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors
1.Exotic species often cause severe alterations in native communities due to their ability to rapidly and efficiently utilize a broad spectrum of resources. In flower-visitor interactions, the breadth of resource use by native and exotic animals as well as the partitioning of resources among them is often estimated based on the number of (shared) plant species used as resources. However, whether a flower visitor is able to exploit plant resources has been shown to be delimited by functional floral traits such as morphological barriers or attractive or repellent chemical cues. Each of the ecologically relevant traits can be viewed as a dimension of a Hutchinsonian n-dimensional hypervolume, which characterizes the range of phenotypes exploitable by a species. 2.In this study, we quantified the sizes and overlaps of n-dimensional hypervolumes defined by floral traits that are exploitable by native and exotic flower visitors (afterwards referred to as exploited space, ES). In the heavily invaded Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, USA, we phenotyped 40 native and exotic plant species and recorded flower-visitor interactions. To quantify the size and overlap of ES, we applied dynamic range boxes (dynRB). 3.On average, exotic flower visitors were more generalized in resource use (larger ES) than natives ones, which is additionally indicated by the absence of native flower visitors on exotic flowering plant species. In particular, ES based on floral scent emission was larger for exotic flower visitors compared to native ones. The unevenly expanded ES of native and exotic animals led to an asymmetric overlap of floral ES where the exotic flower visitors shared only a small proportion of their ES with natives but occupied a large proportion of the ES of natives. 4.The asymmetry in resource use of native and exotic flower visitors suggests a potential advantage in resource exploitation of the latter, potentially explaining their success in Hawaiian ecosystems. Predicted range expansion of exotic plant and animal species may further increase the competition for and reduce the availability of resources for native animals. This may lead to further declines of native species and increasing threats for Hawaiian ecosystems.
Data from: A new small captorhinid reptile from the lower Permian of Oklahoma and resource partitioning among small captorhinids in the Richards Spur fauna
Two partial reptile skulls and six dentigerous fragments from the lower Permian Richards Spur locality of Oklahoma represent a new genus and species of small captorhinid reptile. Labidosauriscus richardi gen. et sp. nov. is distinguished from other captorhinids in the reduction of the height of the ridges forming the characteristic net-like, ridge-and-pit cranial sculpturing of captorhinids, and the superimposition of a system of finer pits and furrows over the primary ridge-and-pit cranial ornamentation. Labidosauriscus richardi shares with C. laticeps a post-caniniform tooth morphology characterized by convex mesial and distal carinae that form a distinctly asymmetrical apex in labial aspect. The description of L. richardi brings to six the number of captorhinid species known from the productive Richards Spur fissure-fill locality. Each of these species exhibits a distinctive post-caniniform tooth morphology (or multiplication of these teeth), which is consonant with the hypothesis of resource partitioning among the small faunivorous and omnivorous captorhinids at Richards Spur. As an 'exhumed early Permian hill,' Richards Spur provides a unique window into early reptile diversification in a distinctive upland environment that is rarely preserved in the tetrapod fossil record.
Data from: Resource partitioning confirmed by isotopic signatures allows small mammals to share seasonally flooded meadows
Meadows in river deltas are characterized by a high diversity and abundance of small mammals. However, neither their spatial arrangement nor differences in their use of microhabitat can necessarily explain the dense co‐occurrence of sympatric species. We investigated how several small mammal species share a seasonally flooded meadow of limited size, testing predictions (P1) that herbivore, granivore, insectivore, and omnivore species are separated in time (dominant in different years), (P2) that sympatric species undergo isotopic partitioning, and (P3) that there are intraspecific differences in diet. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures in the hair of seven synantropic shrew, vole, and mice species were used as a proxy for their diet. We found that the three most abundant species in eight of the nine years were from different diet groups. However, based on the number of species in the functional groups, the state of small mammal community was considered unfavored in five out of the nine investigation years. In years with the greatest dominance of Apodemus agrarius, the small mammal community was characterized by decreased diversity and Micromys minutus was either in low abundance or absent. In 2014 and 2016, years of low abundance or absence of M. oeconomus, M. agrestis, and M. glareolus were both recorded in high numbers. Differences in the isotopic signatures of the three most abundant small mammal species in the community were clearly expressed and core areas in the isotopic space were separated, showing their dependence on different dietary resources. Intraspecific dietary separation between young and adult animals was observed only in M. oeconomus. Thus, the high species diversity of small mammals and the formation of their community in this investigated flooded meadow are maintained by isotopic partitioning (segregation in dietary space) and by changes in their number over time (shifting dominance).
Data from: Rehabilitating the cyanobacteria – niche partitioning, resource use efficiency, and phytoplankton community structure during diazotrophic cyanobacterial blooms
1. Blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are recurrent phenomena in marine and freshwater habitats, and their supplying role in aquatic biogeochemical cycles is generally considered vital. The objective of this study is to analyze if an increasing proportion of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria affects (i) the composition of the non-diazotrophic component of ambient phytoplankton communities, and (ii) resource use efficiency (RUE; ratio of chl a to total nutrients) – an important ecosystem function. We hypothesize that diazotrophs increase community P use, and decrease N use efficiencies, as new N is brought into the system, relaxing N, and concomitantly aggravating P limitation. We test this by analyzing an extensive dataset from the Baltic Sea (> 3700 quantitative phytoplankton samples), known to harbor conspicuous and recurrent blooms of Nodularia spumigena and Aphanizomenon sp. 2. System-level phosphorus use efficiency (RUEP) was positively related with high proportion of diazotrophic cyanobacteria, suggesting aggravation of phosphorus limitation. However, concomitant decrease of nitrogen use efficiency (RUEN) was not observed. Nodularia spumigena, a dominant diazotroph and a notorious toxin producer, had a significantly stronger relationship with RUEP, compared to the competing non-toxic Aphanizomenon sp., confirming niche differentiation in P acquisition strategies between the major bloom-forming cyanobacterial species in the Baltic Sea. Nodularia occurrences were associated with stronger temperature stratification in more offshore environments, indicating higher reliance on in situ P regeneration. 3. By using constrained and unconstrained ordination, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, and local similarity analysis, we show that diazotrophic cyanobacteria explained no more than a few percent of the ambient phytoplankton community variation. The analyses furthermore yielded rather evenly distributed negative and positive effects on individual co-occurring phytoplankton taxa, with no obvious phylogenetic or functional trait-based patterns. 4. Synthesis. Our study reveals that despite the widely acknowledged noxious impacts of cyanobacterial blooms, the overall effect on phytoplankton community structure is minor. There are no predominantly positive or negative associations with ambient phytoplankton species. Species-specific niche differences in cyanobacterial resource acquisition affect important ecosystem functions, like biomass production per unit limiting resource.
FIGURE 3 in Another new, diminutive Rock Gecko (Cnemaspis Strauch) from Peninsular Malaysia and a discussion of resource partitioning in sympatric species pairs
FIGURE 3. Upper: Cnemaspis shahruli sp. nov. (ZRC 2.6903) from Pulau Jerejak, Penang (photo by M.A. Muin). Middle: ZRC 2.6904 from Sungai Sedim, Kedah (photo by M.A. Muin). Lower: ZRC 2.6905 from Pulau Pangkor, Perak (photo by J. van Rooijen).
Mechanisms of dietary resource partitioning in large-herbivore assemblages: a plant-trait-based approach
<p>Sympatric large mammalian herbivore species differ in diet composition, both by eating different parts of the same plant and by eating different plant species. Various theories proposed to explain these differences are not mutually exclusive, but are difficult to reconcile and confront with data. Moreover, whereas several of these ideas were originally developed with reference to within-plant partitioning (i.e., consumption of different tissues), they may analogously apply to partitioning of plant species; this possibility has received little attention.</p> <p>Plant functional traits provide a novel window into herbivore diets and a means of testing multiple hypotheses in a unified framework. We used DNA metabarcoding to characterize the diets of 14 sympatric large-herbivore species in an African savanna and analyzed diet composition in light of 27 functional traits that we measured locally for 204 plant species.</p> <p>Plant traits associated with the deep phylogenetic split between grasses and eudicots formed the primary axis of resource partitioning, affirming the generality and importance of the grazer-browser spectrum. A secondary axis comprised plant traits relevant to herbivore body size. Plant taxa in the diets of large-bodied species were lower on average in digestible energy and protein, taller on average (especially among grazers), and tended to be higher in tensile strength, zinc, stem-specific density, and potassium (and lower in sodium, stem dry matter content, and copper). These results are consistent with longstanding hypotheses linking body size with forage quality and plant height, yet they also suggest the existence of undiscovered links between herbivore body size and a set of rarely considered food-plant traits. We also tested the novel hypothesis that the leaf economic spectrum (LES), a major focus in plant ecology, is an axis of resource partitioning in large-herbivore assemblages; we found that the LES was a minor axis of individual variation within a few species, but had little effect on interspecific dietary differentiation.</p> <p>Synthesis. These results identify key plant traits that underpin the partitioning of food-plant species in large-herbivore communities and suggest that accounting for multiple plant traits (and tradeoffs among them) will enable a deeper understanding of herbivore-plant interaction networks.</p>
Data from: Isotopic and dietary niches as indicators for resource partitioning in the gleaner bats M. bechsteinii, M. nattereri, and P. auritus
The n-dimensional ecological niche summarizes all living requirements of a species. According to the competition and niche theory, co-occurring species have to differ in at least one dimension to live in stable coexistence. Measuring the overall ecological niche within natural ecosystems is probably impossible but methods that describe several dimensions at once like the isotopic niche are good approximations. However, the impact of each factor contributing to the isotopic niche might be difficult to estimate. The dietary niche, as one part of the isotopic niche, can be examined with high resolution using molecular techniques. In this study we aimed to improve our understanding of species coexistence. We outlined the importance of the isotopic and dietary niches in the context of resource partitioning using the bat species M. bechsteinii, M. nattereri, and P. auritus of the gleaner guild as examples. The dietary and isotopic niches were estimated with stable isotope analysis and molecular fecal analysis. We tested (i) how distinct the occupied dietary niches of members of the same guild are and (ii) how similar the dietary and isotopic niches are to each other. While the inter-specific overlap was high for the dietary niche, no overlap could be observed for the isotopic niche. In general, the isotopic niche can describe a more complete picture of the ecological niche, while the dietary niche provides highly detailed information. The combination of both niches might advance our understanding of stable species coexistences.
Spatial and temporal resource partitioning in a mixed-species colony of avian echolocators
<p><span>Resource partitioning may facilitate the coexistence of sympatric species with similar ecological requirements. Here, we study a colony of unusual echolocating birds called swiftlets, which nest underground on an island off the coast of Singapore. The colony comprises two congeneric swiftlet species, black-nest swiftlets (<em>Aerodramus maximus</em>) and edible-nest swiftlets (<em>A</em>. <em>fuciphagus</em>), nesting at high densities and in close proximity. Bioacoustic recordings and monitoring of nesting biology at the site across multiple seasons revealed significant differences in echolocation calls as well as survival rates between the species, with the larger black-nest swiftlet nesting at locations with the highest fledging rates. We also observe an additional off-season breeding peak by the smaller species, the edible-nest swiftlet. Unexpectedly, off-season egg hatching rates were significantly higher compared to rates during the shared breeding season (mean difference = 14%). Our study on the breeding biology of these echolocating cave-dwelling birds provides an example of spatial and temporal strategies that animals employ to partition resources within a confined habitat.</span></p>
Data from: Partitioning resources through the seasons: abundance and phenology of carrion beetles (Silphidae) in southeastern Ontario
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Multidimensional stable isotope analysis illuminates resource partitioning in a sub-Antarctic island bird community
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Resource partitioning confirmed by isotopic signatures allows small mammals to share seasonally flooded meadows
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Exotic flower visitors exploit large floral trait spaces resulting in asymmetric resource partitioning with native visitors
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Mechanisms of dietary resource partitioning in large-herbivore assemblages: a plant-trait-based approach
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Data from: Sex-specific winter distribution in a sexually dimorphic shorebird is explained by resource partitioning
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Data from: Pulsed resource availability changes dietary niche breadth and partitioning between generalist rodent consumers
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Data from: Coexistence of three sympatric cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.); partitioning of time as an ecological resource
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