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publicApr 2024View details →

Olfaction in the Anthropocene: NO3 negatively impacts floral scent and nocturnal pollination

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publicJul 2021View details →

Data from: Phenotypic plasticity in floral scent in response to nutrient, but not water, availability in the perennial plant Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae)

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publicDec 2024View details →

Temporal variation in floral scent emission of a woody plant and flower visiting behaviour of male and female flies

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publicAug 2020View details →

Floral scent dynamics of Schiedea kaalae and Schiedea hookeri

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Fig. 18 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 18 External scent efferent system of Polytes lineolatus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Detail of evaporatorium. d Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 100 µm; c, d 20 µm

Fig. 17 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 17 External scent efferent system of Pachycoris torridus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 1 mm; b 100 µm; c, d 10 µm; e 20 µm

Fig. 9 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 9 External scent efferent system of Crathis ansata. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 200 µm; c–e 10 µm

Fig. 8 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 8 External scent efferent system of Coptochilus ferrugineus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d–e Details of evaporatorium. f Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 100 µm; c 5 µm; d, f 10 µm

Fig. 19 in Morphology of the external scent efferent system of Neotropical shield bugs (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae: Pachycorinae)

Fig. 19 External scent efferent system of Sphyrocoris obliquus. a Meso- and metapleuron. b Peritreme. c Peritremal surface. d Detail of evaporatorium. e Spiracular filter system. Bars a 500 µm; b 200 µm; c–e 20 µm

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Floral trait differentiation in Anacamptis coriophora: phenotypic selection on scents, but not on colour

Current divergent selection may promote floral trait differentiation among conspecific populations in flowering plants. However, whether this applies to complex traits such as colour or scents has been little studied, even though these traits often vary within species. In this study, we compared floral colour and odour as well as selective pressures imposed upon these traits among seven populations belonging to three subspecies of the widespread, generalist orchid Anacamptis coriophora. Colour was characterised using calibrated photographs and scents were sampled using dynamic headspace extraction and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We then quantified phenotypic selection exerted on these traits by regressing fruit set values on floral trait values. We showed that the three studied subspecies were characterised by different floral colour and odour, with one of the two predominant floral volatiles emitted by each subspecies being taxon-specific. Plant size was positively correlated with fruit set in most populations, while we found no apparent link between floral colour and female reproductive success. We detected positive selection on several taxon-specific compounds in A. coriophora subsp. fragrans, whereas no selection was found on floral volatiles of A. coriophora subsp. coriophora and A. coriophora subsp. martrinii. This study is one of the first to document variation in phenotypic selection exerted on floral scents among conspecific populations. Our results suggest that selection could contribute to ongoing chemical divergence among A. coriophora subspecies.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Supporting Data for: Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae)

Background: Plant volatiles play an important role in both plant-pollinator and plant-herbivore interactions. Intraspecific polymorphisms in volatile production are ubiquitous, but studies that explore underlying differential gene expression are rare. Oenothera harringtonii populations are polymorphic in floral emission of the monoterpene (R)-(-)-linalool; some plants emit (R)-(-)-linalool (linalool+ plants) while others do not (linalool- plants). However, the genes associated with differential production of this floral volatile in Oenothera are unknown. We used RNA-Seq to broadly characterize differential gene expression involved in (R)-(-)-linalool biosynthesis. To identify genes that may be associated with the polymorphism for this trait, we used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression in six different Oenothera harringtonii tissues from each of three linalool+ and linalool- plants. Results: Three clusters of differentially expressed genes were enriched for terpene synthase activity: two were characterized by tissue-specific upregulation and one by upregulation only in plants with flowers that produce (R)-(-)-linalool. A molecular phylogeny of all terpene synthases identified two putative (R)-(-)-linalool synthase transcripts in Oenothera harringtonii, a single allele of which is found exclusively in linalool+ plants. Conclusions: By using a naturally occurring polymorphism and comparing different tissues, we were able to identify genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of (R)-(-)-linalool. Expression of these genes in linalool- plants suggests a regulatory polymorphism, rather than a population-specific loss-of-function allele. Additional terpene biosynthesis-related genes that are up-regulated in plants that emit (R)-(-)-linalool may be associated with herbivore defense, suggesting a potential economy of scale between plant reproduction and defense.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Rival group scent induces changes in dwarf mongoose immediate behaviour and subsequent movement

In many social species, groups of animals defend a shared territory against rival conspecifics. Intruders can be detected from a variety of cues, including fecal deposits, and the strength of response is expected to vary depending on the identity of the rival group. Previous studies examining differences in response to neighbor and stranger groups have focused on the immediate response to the relevant cues. Here, we investigated how simulated intrusions of rival groups affect both immediate responses and postinspection movement patterns. To do so, we used a fecal translocation experiment at latrine sites within the territories of dwarf mongoose Helogale parvula groups. Immediate responses were adjusted to the level of threat, with greater scent-marking behavior, time spent at the latrine, and group-member participation when groups were presented with fecal matter from out-group rivals relative to control (own group and herbivore) feces. Subsequent movement of the group was also affected by threat level, with a decrease in speed and distance covered following simulated intrusions by out-group rivals compared with control conditions. However, there were no significant differences in immediate responses or post-latrine movement patterns when comparing simulated neighbor and stranger intrusions. These results indicate that territorial intrusions can elicit not just an immediate change in behavior but more far-reaching consequences in terms of movement dynamics. They also raise the possibility that neighbor–stranger discrimination predictions are not necessarily as clear-cut as previously described.

opencc-zeroJul 2019View details →

Data from: Group size and social status affect scent marking in dispersing female meerkats

Many animal species use scent marks such as faeces, urine, and glandular secretions to find mates, advertise their reproductive status, and defend an exclusive territory. Scent marking may be particularly important during dispersal, when individuals emigrate from their natal territory searching for mates and a new territory to settle and reproduce. In this study, we investigated the scent marking behaviour of 30 dispersing female meerkats (Suricata suricatta) during the three consecutive stages of dispersal – emigration, transience, and settlement. We expected marking patterns to differ between dispersal stages and depending on social circumstances such as presence of unrelated mates and social status of the individuals within each dispersing coalition; but also to be influenced by water and food availability. We showed that defecation probability increased with group size during the settlement stage, when newly formed groups are expected to signal their presence to other resident groups. Urination probability was higher in subordinate than in dominant individuals during each of the three dispersal stages, and it overall decreased as the dispersal process progressed. Urine may thus be linked to advertisement of the social status within a coalition. Anal marking probability did not change across dispersal stages, but increased with the presence of unrelated males and was higher in dominants than in subordinates. We did not detect any effect of rain or foraging success on defecation and urination probability. Our results suggest that faeces, urine, and anal markings serve different communication purposes (e.g. within and between group communication) during the dispersal process.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Maternal exposure to predator scents: offspring phenotypic adjustment and dispersal

Predation is a strong selective pressure generating morphological, physiological and behavioural responses in organisms. As predation risk is often higher during juvenile stages, antipredator defences expressed early in life are paramount to survival. Maternal effects are an efficient pathway to produce such defences. We investigated whether maternal exposure to predator cues during gestation affected juvenile morphology, behaviour and dispersal in common lizards (Zootoca vivipara). We exposed 21 gravid females to saurophagous snake cues for one month while 21 females remained unexposed (i.e. control). We measured body size, preferred temperature and activity level for each neonate, and released them into semi-natural enclosures connected to corridors in order to measure dispersal. Offspring from exposed mothers grew longer tails, selected lower temperatures and dispersed thrice more than offspring from unexposed mothers. Because both tail autotomy and altered thermoregulatory behaviour are common antipredator tactics in lizards, these results suggest that mothers adjusted offspring phenotype to risky natal environments (tail length) or increased risk avoidance (dispersal). Although maternal effects can be passive consequences of maternal stress, our results strongly militate for them to be an adaptive antipredator response that may increase offspring survival prospects.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: A key floral scent component (β-trans-bergamotene) drives pollinator preferences independently of pollen rewards in seep monkeyflower

1) Floral odors play an important role in attracting insect pollinators. Because pollinators visit flowers to obtain pollen and nectar rewards, they should prefer floral odor profiles associated with the highest-rewarding flowers (honest signals). In previous work, bumble bees exhibited a preference for flowers from outbred over inbred Mimulus guttatus plants. Pollen is the only floral reward in M. guttatus, and pollen viability (a reliable indicator of protein content) is reduced in inbred plants. Yet, differences in pollen viability did not explain the observed preferences. 2) In this study we examined the floral volatile profiles of inbred and outbred M. guttatus to identify inbreeding effects and associations between volatile compounds and the number of viable pollen grains per flower, designated 'PRQ' (pollen reward quality). We also conducted pairwise choice tests with Bombus impatiens to evaluate the ability of bees to discriminate between odors of rewarding and nonrewarding flowers and to determine whether bumble bee preferences are explained by differences in the floral odors of inbred and outbred plants. 3) Inbred plants exhibited reduced emission of β-trans-bergamotene, the second-most abundant compound in the volatile blend of outbred plants. Furthermore, pollen and fertile anthers emitted nonadecane. Six other compounds in the floral blend were positively correlated with PRQ. There was no overlap between compounds affected by inbreeding and compounds associated with PRQ. 4) Even when given prior experience foraging on M. guttatus, bumble bees did not distinguish between the floral odors of rewarding and non-rewarding outbred plants. However, they preferred floral odors from non-rewarding outbred plants over rewarding inbred plants. Bumble bees without prior experience of flowers preferred volatile blends with higher versus lower amounts of β-trans-bergamotene. 5) Taken together, these results suggest that the volatile emissions of M. guttatus provide reliable indicators of pollen rewards (potential honest signals), but that the preference of bumble bees for outbred plants is not driven by these cues but rather by a sensory bias for β-trans-bergamotene. This may represent a subtle form of deceit-pollination that allows plants to attract pollinators while minimizing investment in costly rewards.

opencc-zeroDec 2011View details →

Data from: On the scent of standing variation for speciation: behavioral evidence for native sympatric host races of Rhagoletic pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the southern United States

Standing variation can be critical for speciation. Here, we investigate the origins of fruit odor discrimination for Rhagoletis pomonella underlying the fly's sympatric shift in the northeastern U.S. from downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to apple (Malus domestica). Because R. pomonella mate on host fruit, preferences for natal fruit volatiles generate prezygotic isolation. Apples emit volatiles that appear to be missing from gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection profiles for flies infesting downy hawthorns, raising the question of how R. pomonella evolved a preference for apple. In the southern U.S., R. pomonella attacks several native hawthorns. Behaviorally active volatile blends for R. pomonella infesting southern hawthorns contain the missing apple volatiles, potentially explaining why downy hawthorn flies could have evolved to be sensitive to a blend of apple volatiles. Flight tunnel assays imply that southern hawthorn populations were not the antecedent of a preassembled apple race, as southern flies were not attracted to the apple volatile blend. Instead, behavioral evidence was found for southern host races on native hawthorns, complementing the story of the historical sympatric shift to introduced apple in the North and illustrating how R. pomonella may evolve novel combinations of agonist and antagonist responses to volatiles to utilize new fruit resources.

opennotspecifiedDec 2005View details →

FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F in Five new Penaincisalia species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Andes of southern Ecuador and northern Peru

FIGURE 2. Male Penaincisalia dorsal forewing scent pads. A, P. caeruleanota. B, P. juliae. C, P. andreae. D, P. libertada. E, F (higher magnification view of E), P. is ma eli.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 5A–M. External scent efferent system. a. A. bergrothi Distant, b. A. carinopilosus new species, c. A. chiapensis new species, d. A. cristobalensis new species, e. A. denticulatus new species, f. A. laevifemoralis new species, g. A. longinoi new species, h. A. lorenae new species, i. A. marcelae new species, j. A. puncticarinatus new species, k. A. santiagensis new species, l. A. septemclavatus new species, m. A in The genus Amnestus Dallas (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae: Amnestinae) in Mexico, with the description of eleven new species from Chiapas

FIGURES 5A–M. External scent efferent system. a. A. bergrothi Distant, b. A. carinopilosus new species, c. A. chiapensis new species, d. A. cristobalensis new species, e. A. denticulatus new species, f. A. laevifemoralis new species, g. A. longinoi new species, h. A. lorenae new species, i. A. marcelae new species, j. A. puncticarinatus new species, k. A. santiagensis new species, l. A. septemclavatus new species, m. A. stali Distant.

opennotspecifiedJun 2019View details →

Fig. 3 in Nocturnal floral scent profiles of Myrtaceae fruit crops

Fig. 3. Relative amounts of monoterpenoids, and aliphatic and aromatic compounds in the scents of the studied species of Myrtaceae. N-containing and unknown compounds were not listed as they only occurred in trace amounts. * Data of C. phaea are from Cordeiro et al. (2017).