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Figure 4 in The Discovery Expedition sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 4. Sea cucumber specialists who contributed to the identifications of the specimen lots that are the subject of this report. a, Elizabeth Deichmann (1896–1975; photo provided by David Pawson in USNM); b, Cynthia (Gust) Ahearn (1952–2008); c, Melanie Mackenzie (Museum Victoria); d, Emily Whitfield (volunteer in Museum Victoria).

Figure 5. a & b in The Discovery Expedition sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 5. a & b, photos of preserved holotype of Cucusquama wesafrica O'Loughlin gen. & sp. nov. from Angola (oral end left; axial length 13 mm; NHMUK 2016.148); c, photo into mouth cavity of a preserved paratype from Gambon (French Congo) (arrow pointing to one black tentacle; NHMUK 2016.149).

Figure 1. Ships from which the early Discovery Expedition was conducted. a in The Discovery Expedition sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 1. Ships from which the early Discovery Expedition was conducted. a, Scott's RRS Discovery I (collected from 25 Sep 1925 to 1927); b, RRS Discovery II (collected for five voyages from 1929 to 1935, and a sixth voyage in 1950).

Figure 6 in The Discovery Expedition sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 6. Photos of eroding ossicles from the mid-body wall of Cucusquama wesafrica O'Loughlin gen. & sp. nov. a, large single-layered perforated plates (scales) from the holotype (up to 600 µm long; NHMUK 2016.148); b, body wall and tube foot small perforated plates from a paratype (up to 168 µm long; NHMUK 2016.150).

Figure 3 in The Discovery Expedition sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 3. Authors who published the first new sea cucumber genera and species from the Discovery Expedition in their monograph on the Phyllophoridae in 1954. a, Danish holothuroid specialist Svend Geisler Heding (1902–1949; photo provided by Tom Schioette in ZMUC); b, German holothuroid specialist Albert Panning (1894–1978; photo provided by David Pawson in USNM).

Figure 3. Ossicles from the holotype and a in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 3. Ossicles from the holotype and a paratype of Calcamariina hibberdi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (holotype NMV F165750, paratype TMAG H3542). a, SEM images of variably knobbed and thickened plate fragments from the ventral body wall and papillae, with some marginal spines (from holotype); b, microscope photos of large body wall plate with smooth perforated base and knobbed projecting distal end that has lost its distal spinous edge (top, from holotype; scale bar refers to this ossicle only), and two tube foot/papilla support plates with projecting outer marginal spinous edge (bottom, from paratype; up to about 140 µm long; scale bar does not refer to these ossicles), and; c, SEM images of small perforated, concave plates (top), curved plates, rod and rod-plates from a tentacle (from holotype).

Figure 15 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 15. Microscope photos of ossicles and phosphatic bodies from specimens of Molpadia magdae O'Loughlin (in O'Loughlin et al. 2013) and Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876. a–d, Molpadia magdae. a, mid-body irregular table discs, ossicles beginning to phosphatize with small phosphatic bodies present (from NMV F197215); b, caudal fusiform rods, some only with spires (from NMV F197215); c, mid-body irregular table discs and fusiform rod, ossicles beginning to phosphatize (from NMV F68677); d, caudal fusiform rods, one with and one lacking spire (from NMV F68677); e–f, Molpadia violacea. e, mid-body phosphatizing table disc (disc 64 µm across; from NMV F165737); f, mid-body phosphatic bodies (from NMV F169293).

Figure 7. Echinocucumis ampla O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 7. Echinocucumis ampla O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (NMV F165735). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left (insert with drawing of radial (right) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); b, imbricating spined plates of the body wall.

Figure 11. Paracaudina championi O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 11. Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photo of lateral view (oral end left) (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring) (NMV F165736).

Figure 2. Calcamariina hibberdi O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 2. Calcamariina hibberdi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (NMV F165750). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); b, dorsal view of holotype with oral end left; c, ventral view of holotype with oral end left; d, close-up view of some ventral tube feet surmounting calcareous papillae.

Figure 16 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 16. Photos of preserved Studer (1876) type specimens from the Kerguelen Islands. a, right lateral view of holotype of Trachythyone muricata Studer, 1876 (ZMB 2252); b–d, photos of holotype of Psolidium poriferum (Studer, 1876) (ZMB 2259, as Cuvieria porifera); b, lateral view with oral end left; c, dorsal view with oral end right; d, ventral view with oral end right.

Figure 14. Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876 photos and SEM ossicle images. a in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 14. Molpadia violacea Studer, 1876 photos and SEM ossicle images. a, left lateral view of holotype (oral end left) (ZMB 2070) (bottom left insert with photo of tentacles); b, right lateral view of HIMI specimen of Molpadia violacea (NMV F165737) (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); c, d, SEM images of fusiform rod ossicles from HIMI specimen of Molpadia violacea (NMV F165737); c, from mid-body wall (insert with drawings of table disc and spire); d, from caudal body wall.

Figure 13 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 13. Microscope photos of table ossicles from the peri-anal body wall of paratypes of Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & SkarbnikLópez sp. nov. Two left tables from large specimen (TMAG H3434); single right table from small specimen (TMAG H3539).

Figure 10 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 10. SEM images of ossicles from a paratype of Psolus heardi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (NMV F198493). a, dorsal mid-body scales (left) and shallow cups (right); b, shallow cups from the sole; c, curved perforated rod and plates from a tentacle; d, tube foot half endplate fragment (top right), perforated rods (left), and curved knobbed perforated plates (right lower two-thirds).

Figure 12 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 12. SEM images of ossicles from the holotype of Paracaudina championi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (NMV F165736). a, irregular knobbed cup-like ossicles from the mid-body wall, with cross base evident mid-left and bottom right; b, irregular knobbed cup-like ossicles from the caudal body wall, with cross base evident upper middle and right.

Figure 4. Calcamariina moorea O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 4. Calcamariina moorea O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. holotype photos (TMAG H3436). a, left lateral view of holotype with oral end left; b, close-up view of some lateral tube feet surmounting calcareous papillae.

Figure 9. Psolus heardi O in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 9. Psolus heardi O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. photos (a–d of holotype NMV F84986; e of paratype NMV F198493). a, lateral view with oral end right, ventro-lateral scales slightly overhang sole (insert with drawing of radial (left) and inter-radial plates of the calcareous ring); b, dorsal view with oral end left; c, ventral view, weakly delineated sole with peripheral tube feet; d, tentacles with two small ventral ones (bottom); e, cluster of gonad tubules.

Figure 8 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 8. SEM images of ossicles from a paratype of Echinocucumis ampla O'Loughlin & Skarbnik-López sp. nov. (NMV F198492). a, spined plate from the mid-dorsal body wall; b, spined plates and spines from the mid-ventral body wall; c, part-perforate plate fragments from the perianal body wall; d, rods from a tentacle.

Figure 1 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 1. Map of the southern part of the Kergulen Plateau detailing the Heard and McDonald Islands Territorial Sea, Exclusive Economic Zone, Marine Reserve and localities (map is courtesy of the Australian Antarctic Division © Commonwealth of Australia 2015). Names on the map in commas are used in this study but not formally recognized by the AAD.

Figure 6 in Sea cucumbers of the Kerguelen Plateau, with descriptions of new genus and species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)

Figure 6. Microscope photos of ossicles from a specimen of Neopsolidium kerguelensis (Théel, 1886) (NMV F84997). a, multi-layered ossicle from the body wall; b, cross (bottom right) and cups from the body wall.