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Fig. 17. U in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 17. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. LV, sample E6, ABCM 2014/045. B. LV, sample B3, ABCM 2014/059. C. LV, sample E6, ABCM 2014/050. D. LV, sample B3, ABCM 2014/062. E. LV, sample A2, ABCM 2014/055. F. LV, sample H, ABCM 2014/070. G. LV, sample B2, ABCM 2014/058. H. RV, sample H, ABCM 2014/066. I. LV, sample H, ABMC 2014/071. J. RV, internal view, sample E6, ABMC 2014/052.

Fig. 15 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 15. Scheme of the hidden reticulation evidenced in a celated specimen, LV, sample E6, ABCM 2014/053. Same specimen as Fig. 16G.

Fig. 4 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 4. Detail of the antero-central area showing the fossal group D3-D4-E9 in different morphs. — A–F. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. ABMC 2014/045. B. ABMC 2014/50. C. ABMC 2014/053. D. ABMC 2014/057. E. ABMC 2014/075. F. ABMC 2014/083. — G–H. U. ilariae sp. nov. G. ABMC 2014/047. H. ABMC 2014/069.

Fig. 12 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 12. Analysis of similarities (One-way ANOSIM Pairwise Test). A. R statistic and p value for "nonnormalized area" mode. B. R statistic and p value for "normalized area" mode.

Fig. 11 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 11. Cluster analysis performed on valve outlines obtained by Morphomatica analysis. A. Dendrogram for "non-normalized area" mode. B. Dendrogram for "normalized area" mode.

Fig. 10 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 10. Comparison of mean outlines of U. ilariae sp. nov. (green), U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894) (light blue) and U. distinguenda (Neviani, 1928) (dark blue) obtained by the Morphomatica analysis. A. Results for "non-normalized area" mode. B. Results for "normalized area" mode.

Fig. 16. U in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 16. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. LV, sample E4, ABCM 2014/037. B. RV, sample E4, ABCM 2014/040. C. LV, sample A2, ABCM 2014/083. D. RV, sample E4, ABCM 2014/039. E. LV, sample D3, ABMC 2014/075. F. RV, sample E4, ABCM 2014/041. G. LV, sample E6, ABCM 2014/053. H. RV, sample H, ABCM 2014/065. I. LV (A-1 instar), sample E6, ABCM 2014/054. J. LV (A-2 instar), sample D3, ABCM 2014/114. K. RV (A-1 instar), sample A2, ABCM 2014/056.

Fig. 7 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 7. Detail of papillae in heavily celated specimen of U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894), ABMC 2014/071.

Fig. 8 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 8. Comparison of valve outlines obtained by Morphomatica analysis. Results for "non-normalized area" mode. A. U. ilariae sp. nov. B. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). C. U. distinguenda (Neviani, 1928).

Fig. 5 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 5. Dorsal median group in different morphs. — A–F. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. ABMC 2014/037. B. ABMC 2014/04. C. ABMC 2014/053. D. ABMC 2014/057. E. ABMC 2014/075. F. ABMC 2014/083. — G–H. U. ilariae sp. nov. G. ABMC 2014/047. H. ABMC 2014/069.

Fig. 2 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 2. Scheme of the five fossal groups used for reticulation pattern analysis. White arrow indicates the pre-ocular bridge. A. Urocytheris margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894), ABMC 2014/057. B. Urocytheris ilariae sp. nov., ABMC 2014/047.

Fig. 6 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 6. Detail of the caudal group in different morphs. — A–F. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. ABMC 2014/045. B. ABMC 2014/053. C. ABMC 2014/059. D. ABMC 2014/062. E. ABMC 2014/075. F. ABMC 2014/083. — G–H. U. ilariae sp. nov. G. ABMC 2014/038. H. ABMC 2014/069.

Fig. 3 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 3. Detail of the antero-dorsal area in different morphs. — A–F. U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). A. ABMC 2014/045. B. ABMC 2014/053. C. ABMC 2014/057. D. ABMC 2014/059. E. ABMC 2014/075. F. ABMC 2014/083. — G–H. U. ilariae sp. nov. G. ABMC 2014/038. H. ABMC 2014/047.

Fig. 14 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 14. Distribution of U. ilariae sp. nov. and U. margaritifera (G.W. Müller, 1894). Circles = Recent; triangles = Pleistocene; squares = Pliocene; filled = certain; empty = uncertain.

Fig. 1 in Intra- and interspecific shell variability of the genus Urocythereis Ruggieri, 1950 (Ostracoda: Hemicytheridae) in the La Strea Bay (Ionian Sea, Italy)

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area and sampling stations and range of selected physico-chemical parameters of the La Strea Bay (data from Belmonte & Rubino 1988; Mercurio et al. 2000; Gherardi et al. 2001).

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Sex, shells, and weaponry: Coercive reproductive tactics in the Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta

Abstract. Males and females have divergent reproductive interests arising from their unequal investments in offspring. This sexual conflict drives an antagonistic arms-race that influences sex-specific reproductive success. Alternative reproductive tactics are expected in long-lived species for which the reproductive strategy that maximizes mating success could differ across body sizes. The mating strategy of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) has been characterized as an elaborate and amiable male courtship display during which males use their elongate foreclaws to stroke females, coupled with female mate choice. Contrary to this long-held understanding, in situ field observations and experimental trials from our long-term study in Algonquin Provincial Park, Canada, demonstrate that males also exhibit an alternative, coercive mating strategy. Males are equipped with sexually-size dimorphic tomiodonts, tooth-like cusps of the beak, as well as a weaponized anterior shell, with which they wound the head and neck of females. Behavioral trials during the breeding periods showed that male reproductive tactics shift from courtship (foreclaw display) to coercion (striking, biting, and forced submergence) across ontogeny, and male size predicts the occurrence and frequency of coercive behavior. We found phenotype-behavior matching whereby small males invest in putatively ornamental foreclaws used for courtship and large males invest in weaponry for coercion, challenging existing knowledge of this well-studied species. As a group with a long evolutionary history and varied mating systems, Testudines are a particularly interesting taxon in which to ask questions about mating system evolution.

FIG. 15. — A in The shell industry in Final Neolithic societies in Sardinia: characterizing the production and utilization of Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 valves

FIG. 15. — A, archaeological shells with use-wear traces on the edge (Cuccuru s'Arriu, Cabras, Italy); B, use-wear traces related to contact with plant matter. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 100 µm.

FIG. 13 in The shell industry in Final Neolithic societies in Sardinia: characterizing the production and utilization of Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 valves

FIG. 13. — Archaeological shells with use-wear traces on the ventral face (Cuccuru s'Arriu, Cabras, Italy) related to contact with an indeterminate mineral matter. Scale bars: A, 5 cm; B, 100 µm.

FIG. 14. — A in The shell industry in Final Neolithic societies in Sardinia: characterizing the production and utilization of Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 valves

FIG. 14. — A, archaeological shells with use-wear traces on the edge (Cuccuru s'Arriu, Cabras, Italy); B, valve with mineral colouring residue on the ventral face, near the upper edge; C, indeterminate use-wear traces; D, valve with use-wear traces (E-H) related to contact with plant matter. Scale bars: A, D, 5 cm; B, C, E-H: 100 µm.

FIG. 6. — A in The shell industry in Final Neolithic societies in Sardinia: characterizing the production and utilization of Glycymeris da Costa, 1778 valves

FIG. 6. — A, working mode; B, results obtained; C, D, experimental shell surface used to process rushes (separation of the stems; 15 minutes); E, working conditions; F, results obtained; G, H, experimental shell surface used to process flax (crushing; 15 minutes). Scale bars: 100 µm.