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107 results for “size at age”
Long-term evaluation of the association between dominance, bib size, sex and age
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Data from: Dimorphism from an early age: sex differences in size and immune function in great tit nestlings
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Ectotherm size- and age-at-maturity in a warmer, variable, and resource-poor world
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Data and code from: The evolution of developmental thresholds and reaction norms for age and size at maturity
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Song parameters, repertoire size and song sharing within and across age classes in the saffron finch
<p>Birds sing mostly to attract partners or to defend territories or resources. In relation to the first function, song can vary with age if older experienced males signal their quality through their vocal output. Regarding the second function, song can also vary with age if singing behavior helps mediate social interactions through repertoire sharing with neighbors. Here, we investigate whether song parameters change with age, and in which direction, in saffron finches Sicalis flaveola pelzelni, obligate secondary cavity nesters which produce elaborate melodious songs and show delayed plumage maturation. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed that second year (SY) males sing shorter syllables, and shorter and less versatile songs than older after second year males (ASY), as expected if the latter are more experienced singers. Longitudinal comparisons, which better depict age-related changes, showed that as birds age one year, song length and repertoire size do not change significantly, syllable duration shortens and, as expected for experienced singers, song versatility increases. Correlations between repertoire distance and nesting distance suggest that both SY and ASY males might be adjusting their repertoires to those of ASY neighbors; the former pattern conforms to the expectations if young birds try to emulate the songs of more experienced birds, while the latter is expected if song sharing helps de-escalating antagonistic social interactions amongst males. This research, which provides the first description of song parameters in young second year saffron finches, expands our knowledge of song variation across age classes in songbirds.</p>
Data from: The effects of age, sex, and habitat on body size and shape of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus
Lake and stream habitats pose a variety of challenges to fishes due to differences in variables such as water velocity, habitat structure, prey community, and predator community. These differences can cause divergent selection on body size and/or shape. Here, we measured sex, age, length, and eight different morphological traits of the blackstripe topminnow, Fundulus notatus, from 19 lake and stream populations across four river drainages in central Illinois. Our goal was to determine whether size and shape differed consistently between lake and stream habitats across drainages. We also considered the effects of age and sex as they may affect size and morphology. We found large differences in body size of age 1 topminnows where stream fish were generally larger than lake fish. Body shape mainly varied as a function of sex. Adult male topminnows had larger morphological traits (with the exception of body width) than females, in particular longer dorsal and anal base lengths. Subtle effects of habitat were present. Stream fish had a longer dorsal fin base than lake fish. These phenotypic patterns may be the result of genetic and/or environmental variation. As these lakes are human-made, the observed differences, if genetic, would have had to occur relatively rapidly (within about 100 years).
Data from: A function-valued trait approach to estimating the genetic basis of size at age and its potential role in fisheries induced evolution
Natural selection is inherently a multivariate phenomenon. The selection pressure on size (natural and artificial) and the age at which selection occurs is likely to induce evolutionary changes in growth rates across the entire life history. However, the covariance structure that will determine the path of evolution for size-at-age has been studied in only a few fish species. We therefore estimated the genetic covariance function for size throughout ontogeny using Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia) as the model system. Over a 3-year period, a total of 542 families were used to estimate the genetic covariance in length at age from hatch through maturity. The function-valued trait approach was employed to estimate the genetic covariance functions. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to account for the unbalanced design, unequal measurement intervals, unequal sample sizes, and family-aggregated data. To improve mixing, we developed a two-stage sampler using a Gibbs sampler to generate the posterior of a well-mixing approximate model followed by an importance sampler to draw samples from posterior of the completely specified model. We found that heritability of length is age-specific and there are strong genetic correlations in length across ages that last 30d or more. We used these estimates in a hypothetical model predicting the evolutionary response to harvesting following a single generation of selection under both sigmoidal and unimodal patterns of gear selectivity to illustrate the potential outcomes of ignoring the genetic correlations. In these scenarios genetic correlations were found to have a strong effect on both the direction and magnitude of the response to harvest selection.
Data from: Accounting for interspecific competition and age structure in demographic analyses of density dependence improves predictions of fluctuations in population size
Understanding species coexistence has long been a major goal of ecology. Coexistence theory for two competing species posits that intraspecific density dependence should be stronger than interspecific density dependence. Great tits and blue tits are two bird species that compete for food resources and nesting cavities. Based on long-term monitoring of these two competing species at sites across Europe, combining observational and manipulative approaches, we show that the strength of density regulation is similar for both species, and that individuals have contrasting abilities to compete depending on their age. For great tits, density regulation is driven mainly by intraspecific competition. In contrast, for blue tits, interspecific competition contributes as much as intraspecific competition, consistent with asymmetric competition between the two species. In addition, including age-specific effects of intra- and interspecific competition in density-dependence models improves predictions of fluctuations in population size by up to three times.
Data from: Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree, Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae): sexual dimorphism and changes with age
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In dioecious species, selection should favor different leaf sizes in males and females whenever the sexes experience distinct environments or constraints, such as different costs of reproduction. We took advantage of a long-term experimental study of Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), a dioecious understory tree in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to explore leaf size differences between genders and age classes across generations. METHODS: We measured leaf size in adult trees in a natural population, in their adult F1 offspring in two experimental populations, and in their F2 offspring at the seedling stage. Individual trees were measured at various times over a 20-year period. RESULTS: Leaves of female trees averaged 8% longer and 12% greater in area than those of males. Leaves were sexually dimorphic at reproductive maturity. Leaf size declined over the course of most trees' lifetimes. Heritability estimates for leaf length were positive although not statistically significant (h2 = 0.63, SE = 0.48, P= 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: We ruled out the "ecological causation" hypothesis for sexual dimorphism in leaf size because male and female trees co-occurred in the same habitats. Sexual dimorphism appeared not to result from genetic or phenotypic correlations with other traits such as height or flower size. Rather, females appear to compensate for higher costs of reproduction and diminished photosynthetic capacity by producing larger leaves. Additive genetic variance in leaf size, a prerequisite for an evolutionary response to selection for sexual dimorphism, was suggested by positive (although only marginally significant) heritability estimates.
Data from: Variation in age, body size, and reproductive traits among urban and rural amphibian populations
Although amphibians use human-created habitats in urban landscapes, few studies have investigated the quality of these habitats. To assess habitat quality of stormwater management ponds and adjacent urban uplands forwood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and American toads (Anaxyrus americanus), we compared life history characteristics between populations breeding across an urbanization gradient. Specifically, we compared body size, ages of breeding adults, and female reproductive investment among urban, suburban, and rural populations in Baltimore County, Maryland, USA. Although there was variation in age at maturity among populations, ages of breeding adults did not differ among urban, suburban, and rural areas. Maternal body size strongly influenced reproductive investment in both species, but relationships did not vary among urban, suburban, and rural populations. Adult wood frogs and American toads from more urbanized landscapes were significantly smaller at age than conspecifics from rural landscapes; the magnitude of differences was similar across adult age classes. Our results suggest that in the urban and rural landscapes that we studied, adult habitats are similar in quality, but either larval or juvenile habitats may be of lower quality in urban areas.
Measurement Report: Investigation of pH- and particle size-dependent chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon: implications for its sources and aging processes
<p>The original dataset of the manuscript: "Measurement Report: Investigation of pH- and particle size-dependent chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic carbon: implications for its sources and aging processes"</p>
Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
<p>Age and size at maturity are key life history components, yet the proximate underpinnings that mediate intra- and interspecific variation in life history remain poorly understood. We studied the proximate underpinnings of species differences and nutritionally plastic variation in adult size and development time in four species of dung beetles. Specifically, we investigated how variation in insect growth mediates adult size variation, tested whether fast juvenile growth trades-off with developmental stability in adult morphology, and quantified plastic responses of digestive systems to variation in food quality. Contrary to the common size-development time trade-off, the largest species exhibited by far the shortest development time. Correspondingly, species diverged strongly in the shape of growth trajectories. Nutritionally plastic adjustments to growth were qualitatively similar between species but differed in magnitude. Although we expected rapid growth to induce developmental costs, neither instantaneous growth rates nor the duration of larval growth were related to developmental stability in the adult. This renders the putative costs of rapid growth enigmatic. We further found that larvae that encounter a challenging diet develop a larger midgut and digest more slowly than animals reared on a more nutritious diet. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that larvae invest into a more effective digestive system when exposed to low-quality nutrition, but suggest that species may diverge readily in their reliance on these mechanisms. More generally, our data highlight the complex, and often hidden, relationships between immature growth and age and size at maturation even in ecologically similar species.</p>
Fig. 4 in Age and body size of Salamandrella keyserlingii (Caudata: Hynobiidae): a difference in altitudes, latitudes, and temperatures
Fig. 4 Fittest equations (rational function approximation or second order polynomial regression) between latitude (x-axis: °N)/temperature in descending order (x-axis: °C) and maximum body size (y-axis: mm). No relationship was found between latitude and M-TOL (solid circle: n 018, R 2 0.043, P 0.4116, y intercept 144.876, slope 0.414) M-SVL 0000– or (open circle: n 024, R 2 00.020, P00.5097, y intercept 077.240, slope 0 –0.175). Rational function approximations indicated an intraspecific tendency to decrease M-TOL (Equation a: y ¼ 4: 98338 x 454: 274 þ 16386: 0= x R2 ¼ 0: 202> 0: 043 regression coefficient for a given linear ' regression) with increased latitude from 43 to 57°N and then increase the size from 57 to 69°N (U shaped curve), unlike M-SVL (Equation b: y ¼ 0: 351151 x þ 21: 1776 þ 1478: 83= x R2 ¼ 0: 022 0: 020). A ' significant relationship was not found between temperature and M-TOL (n 18, R 2 0.127, P 0.1464, y intercept 124.426, slope 0.857), and 00000 – neither relationship nor trend was found between temperature and M-SVL (n 22, R 2 0.001, P 0.8804, y intercept 68.330, slope 0.048). Poly00000 – nomial regressions also appeared to decrease M-TOL (Equation c: y ¼ 0: 142278 x2 þ 1: 91652 x þ 121: 877 R2 ¼ 0: 304> 0: 127 ' regression coefficient for a given linear regression) with decreased temperature from 8 to –7 °C and then increase the size from –7 to –15 °C (U shaped curve), but they did not show any trend for M-SVL (Equation d: y ¼ 0: 00965508 x2 þ 0: 0919399 x þ 68: 1711 R2 ¼ 0: 003 0: 001) '
Figure 2 in Effect of body size, age and timing of breeding on clutch and egg size of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
Figure 2. Determinants of clutch size (# eggs) in female Hyla versicolor. (A) Relationship between female body length and clutch size; (B) relationship between body condition and clutch size; (C) relationship between age and clutch size; (D) relationship between breeding season date and clutch size. Second and third clutches of repeat-breeding females are indicated as red symbols. Significant relationships are indicated by trendlines (see also Table 2).
Figure 1 in Effect of body size, age and timing of breeding on clutch and egg size of female Eastern Gray Treefrogs, Hyla versicolor
Figure 1. Lifespan, age and between-year growth of female Hyla versicolor. (A) Age distribution of females in the study population, and the relationship between age and body length. (B) Change in body length of the 7 females that were recaptured in consecutive years. Gray lines indicate averages.
Data from: Can clone size serve as a proxy for clone age? An exploration using microsatellite divergence in Populus tremuloides
In long-lived clonal plant species, the overall size of a clone has previously been used to estimate clone age. The size of a clone, however, might be largely determined by physical or biotic interactions, obscuring the relationship between clone size and age. Here, we use the accumulation of mutations at 14 microsatellite loci to estimate clone age in trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides, from southwestern Canada. We show that the observed patterns of genetic divergence are consistent with a model of clonal growth, allowing us to use pairwise genetic divergence as an estimator of clone age. In the populations studied, clone size did not exhibit a significant relationship with microsatellite divergence, indicating that clone size is not a good proxy for clone age.
Figure 4 in Age, body size and growth pattern of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni (Anura: Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina
Figure 4. Growth curves for snout–vent length in males and females of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni. Growth curves were fitted to von Bertalanffy's growth equation: [St – Sm – (Sm – S) e−k(t–t0)].
Figure 2 in Age, body size and growth pattern of Argenteohyla siemersi pederseni (Anura: Hylidae) in northeastern Argentina
Figure 2. Cross-sections of phalanges stained with Ehrlich's haematoxylin of adult male 67.67 mm snout–vent length, from the El Perichón population. Four lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are visible in the periosteal bone (indicated by arrows). The first LAG was partially destroyed by the endosteal resorption (er). This individual was 5 years old. Arrowhead: endosteal resorption, mc: medullar cavity, eb: endosteal bone, pbm: periosteal bone margin.
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites. in An Exceptional Large Sample Of The Early Miocene Ctenodactyline Rodent Sayimys Giganteus, Specific Variation And Taxonomic Implications
Text-fig. 12. Ranges of the length of the dp4 based on data from the literature. Vertical scale in Ma, the samples are from the Siwaliks (black) and Turkey, Greece and Arabia (red). Type localities of species are indicated with an asterisk. The Y and Z sites are from Baskin (1996), its size ranges are composed of data from several localities and the vertical arrowed broken line indicates the age range of these sites.
Using Mean Ages on Clothing Size Labels in Revised Advanced Pediatric Life Support Formulas for Weight Estimation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02455674. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 19.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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