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64 results for “size at maturity”
Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: a cross-taxa test of the Forage Maturation Hypothesis
<p>The Forage Maturation Hypothesis (FMH) states that energy intake for ungulates is maximized when forage biomass is at intermediate levels. Nevertheless, metabolic allometry and different digestive systems suggest that resource selection should vary across ungulate species. By combining GPS relocations with remotely-sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of hindgut fermenters (equids) and ruminants across biomes. Selection for intermediate forage biomass was negatively related to body size, regardless of the digestive system. Selection for proximity to surface water was stronger for equids relative to ruminants, regardless of body size. To be more generalizable, we suggest that the FMH explicitly incorporate contingencies in body size and digestive system, with small-bodied ruminants selecting more strongly for potential energy intake, and hindgut fermenters selecting more strongly for surface water.</p>
Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
<p>Age and size at maturity are key life history components, yet the proximate underpinnings that mediate intra- and interspecific variation in life history remain poorly understood. We studied the proximate underpinnings of species differences and nutritionally plastic variation in adult size and development time in four species of dung beetles. Specifically, we investigated how variation in insect growth mediates adult size variation, tested whether fast juvenile growth trades-off with developmental stability in adult morphology, and quantified plastic responses of digestive systems to variation in food quality. Contrary to the common size-development time trade-off, the largest species exhibited by far the shortest development time. Correspondingly, species diverged strongly in the shape of growth trajectories. Nutritionally plastic adjustments to growth were qualitatively similar between species but differed in magnitude. Although we expected rapid growth to induce developmental costs, neither instantaneous growth rates nor the duration of larval growth were related to developmental stability in the adult. This renders the putative costs of rapid growth enigmatic. We further found that larvae that encounter a challenging diet develop a larger midgut and digest more slowly than animals reared on a more nutritious diet. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that larvae invest into a more effective digestive system when exposed to low-quality nutrition, but suggest that species may diverge readily in their reliance on these mechanisms. More generally, our data highlight the complex, and often hidden, relationships between immature growth and age and size at maturation even in ecologically similar species.</p>
Figure 5. A in Strategies for size and growth in butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera): counterintuitive trends and unique solutions to achieving maturity
Figure 5. A summary of factors envisaged underlying increased size for short development times in British butterflies. Large size and slow development have repercussions for conspicuousness to enemies and lead to adaptations for defence and faster growth with envisaged impact on annual rate of increase (ry), including effects via adult size, egg size and fecundity. Broad grey arrows, basic inputs from abiotic and biotic factors; narrow grey arrows, influences on adults and population changes. Variable abbreviations as in Table 1.
Figure 3 in Strategies for size and growth in butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera): counterintuitive trends and unique solutions to achieving maturity
Figure 3. Relationship of larval development time (logLDT2) to pupal size (logPS) in British butterflies. Families: triangles Hesperiidae, large circles Papilionidae, small circles Pieridae, diamonds Lycaenidae, large squares non-satyrine Nymphalidae, small squares Satyrinae; open symbols/continuous regression line, overwintering as eggs, pupae or adults; closed symbols/broken regression line, overwintering as larvae. Species: Carterocephalus palaemon Cpal; Thymelicus sylvestris Tsyl; Thymelicus lineola Tlin; Thymelicus acteon Tact; Hesperia comma Hcom; Ochlodes sylvanus Osyl; Erynnis tages Etag; Pyrgus malvae Pmal; Papilio machaon britannicus Pmac; Leptidea sinapis Lsin; Gonepteryx rhamni Grha; Colias croceus Ccro; Pieris brassicae Pbra; Pieris rapae Prap; Pieris napi Pnap; Anthocharis cardamines Acar; Callophrys rubi Crub; Thecla betulae Tbet; Favonius quercus Fque; Satyrium w-album Swal; Satyrium pruni Spru; Lycaena phlaeas Lphl; Lycaena dispar Ldis; Cupido minimus Cmin; Plebejus argus Parg; Aricia agestis Aage; Aricia artaxerxes Aart; Polyommatus icarus Pica; Polyommatus coridon Pcor; Polyommatus bellargus Pbel; Celastrina argiolus Carg; Maculinea arion Mari; Hamearis lucina Hluc; Limenitis camilla Lcam; Apatura iris Airi; Aglais urticae Aurt; Inachis io Iio; Polygonia c-album Pcal; Nymphalis polychloros Npol; Vanessa atalanta Vata; Vanessa cardui Vcar; Boloria selene Bsel; Boloria euphrosyne Beup; Argynnis adippe Aadi; Argynnis aglaja Aagl; Argynnis paphia Apap; Euphydryas aurinia Eaur; Melitaea cinxia Mcin; Melitaea athalia Math; Pararge aegeria Paeg; Lasiommata megera Lmeg; Erebia epiphron Eepi; Erebia aethiops Eaet; Melanargia galathea Mgal; Hipparchia semele Hsem; Pyronia tithonus Ptit; Maniola jurtina Mjur; Aphantopus hyperantus Ahyp; Coenonympha pamphilus Cpam; Coenonympha tullia Ctul.
Figure 2 in Strategies for size and growth in butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera): counterintuitive trends and unique solutions to achieving maturity
Figure 2. Co-inertia plot for variables associated with larval development times, growth rates and mature size in British butterflies. Active variables, black symbols; supplementary variables, open symbols. Numbers following variable names indicate state of variable (see Table 1). Variances: axis 1 73.3%, axis 2 18.7%.
Figure 1 in Strategies for size and growth in butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera): counterintuitive trends and unique solutions to achieving maturity
Figure 1. The triangular relationship linking mature larval size, average growth rates and development time. Larvae have some capacity of varying each of the three variables independently, increasing the options for independent growth scenarios and reducing the impact of trade-offs (antagonistic selection). Key drivers are shown as bold arrows with lesser influences shown as other arrows (continuous lines and broken lines). A selection of abiotic and biotic inputs compete for changes (+, −) between the three variables in the triangular association, which may also be driven by basic developmental adaptations (voltinism or number of broods, larval moults, number of larval instars, and the presence/absence of larval diapauses or larval overwintering); the impact of these variables, especially on development time, is complicated by whether development to full size (pre-pupal stage) has been completed or not by diapause. See Table 1 for variable names.
Figure 4 in Strategies for size and growth in butterflies (Insecta: Lepidoptera): counterintuitive trends and unique solutions to achieving maturity
Figure 4. Comparison of size and development times in families of British butterflies. Continuous line (pupal length, logPS); dashed line, development time (logLDT2). Means and 95% confidence limits. Papilionidae (Papilio machaon) excluded.
Data from: Mature male parr contribution to the effective size of an anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population over 30 years
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Data from: Tropical trees in a wind-exposed island ecosystem: height-diameter allometry and size at onset of maturity
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Data from: Temperature-related variation in growth rate, size, maturation, and lifespan in a marine herbivorous fish over a latitudinal gradient
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Evolutionary and plastic variation in larval growth and digestion reveal the complex underpinnings of size and age at maturation in dung beetles
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Data from: Spatial variability in size at maturity of golden king crab (Lithodes aequispinus) and implications for fisheries management
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Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: a cross-taxa test of the Forage Maturation Hypothesis
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Long-term trends in marine turtle size at maturity at an important Atlantic rookery
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Data from: Breeding system, shell size and age at sexual maturity affect sperm length in stylommatophoran gastropods
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Data from: Heterochrony in the evolution of Trinidadian guppy offspring size: maturation along a uniform ontogenetic trajectory
The size and maturity of Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata) offspring vary among populations adapted to environments of differential predation. Guppy offspring born to low-predation, high-competition environments are larger and more mature than their high-predation ancestors. Here we ask: what specific changes in developmental or birth timing occur to produce the larger, more mature neonates? We collected specimens across the perinatal window of development from five populations and quantified musculoskeletal maturation. We found that all populations undergo similar ontogenetic trajectories in skeletal and muscle acquisition; the only difference among populations is when neonates emerge along the trajectory. The smallest neonates are born with 20% of their skeleton ossified, whereas the largest neonates are born with over 70% of their skeleton ossified. The area of the major jaw-closing muscle is relatively larger in larger offspring, scaling with length as L2.5. The size range over which offspring are birthed among populations sits along the steepest part of the size–maturity relationship, which provides a large marginal increase in fitness for the high-competition female. Because of the functional effects of producing more mature offspring at birth, offspring size may be the first and most critical life-history trait selected upon in highly competitive environments.
Figure 2 from: Williner V, Torres MV, Carvalho DA, König N (2014) Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity size of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) in the Middle Paraná River, Argentina. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 159-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6821
Figure 2 - Segmented Relationship with breakpoint on male crabs of Trichodactylus borellianus. RChL: right cheliped length; RChH: right cheliped height; RChW: right cheliped width; PL: left pleopod length.
Figure 1 from: Williner V, Torres MV, Carvalho DA, König N (2014) Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity size of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) in the Middle Paraná River, Argentina. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 159-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6821
Figure 1 - Measures taken of the crab Trichodactylus borellianus (modified from Magalhães 2003): a carapace width (CW) b right cheliped length (RChL), right cheliped height (RChH) and right cheliped width (RChW) c third abdominal width of females (AW) d left pleopod length (PL).
Figure 3 from: Williner V, Torres MV, Carvalho DA, König N (2014) Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity size of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) in the Middle Paraná River, Argentina. In: Wehrtmann IS, Bauer RT (Eds) Proceedings of the Summer Meeting of the Crustacean Society and the Latin American Association of Carcinology, Costa Rica, July 2013. ZooKeys 457: 159-170. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.457.6821
Figure 3 - Segmented Relationship with breakpoint on female crabs of Trichodactylus borellianus. RChL: right cheliped length; LChL: left cheliped length; AW: third abdominal width.
Data from: Effects of neonatal size on maturity and escape performance in the Trinidadian guppy
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Allen Brain Atlas
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