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FIGURE 6 in Systematics, natural history, and hemipenial morphology of Dendrophidion brunneum (Günther) (Serpentes: Colubridae), a poorly known snake from the Andes of Ecuador and Peru

FIGURE 6. Details of hemipenial morphology of Dendrophidion brunneum (FMNH 231777) after staining with alizarin red. A, sulcate side at the level of the circumferential flounces. Apex of the hemipenis is toward the top; the sulcus spermaticus is on the far left (ss). The spinules appear as parallel rods embedded within the two circumferential flounces. Arrows indicate the low ridge (transverse whitish line) delimiting the distal edge of shallow irregular calyces on the right side of the sulcus spermaticus. B, A portion of the flounces from apical perspective (the flounce in the background is the proximal complete flounce) showing the regular spacing of the spinules and their lack of projecting free tips. Arrows indicate the outer edge of the proximal flounce.

Figure 3 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 3. Paratypes attributed to P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977). Letters A–D denote the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 4. Comparison of the neural spine morphology between Chilabothrus, Epicrates and the fossils from Thomas Farm. Only mid-precloacal vertebrae are figured here. A, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus inornatus (AMNH 70023); B, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus striatus strigilatus (AMNH 70263); C, articulated vertebrae of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); D, paratype of N. barbouri (MCZ 1978) (= Pseudoepicrates); E, paratype of P. stanolseni (MCZ 1977); F, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); G, Epicrates crassus (MCN PV DR 003); H, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002); I, Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH 77596); J, P. stanolseni (MCZ 2417); and K, Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). In (A–H) lateral and (I–K) dorsal views. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 6. Selected examples of the extant comparative material used in the study. A, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus angulifer (AMNH R 77596); B, midtrunk vertebra of Chilabothrus cf C. inornatus from the Pleistocene of Cuba (AMNH 7709); C, midtrunk vertebra of 'barbouri' (previous holotype MCZ 1978); D, midtrunk vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344); and E, midtrunk vertebra of Epicrates cenchria (MCN PV DR 002). Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in column at the lower portion of the image. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 5. Paratypes previously attributed to N. barbouri (= Pseudoepicrates). Letters A–D denotes the specimens. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted above each image. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section.

Figure 10. A in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 10. A, calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis of Reynolds et al. (2013). Blue dot: the estimated age of divergence of the group [(Chilabothrus) + (Epicrates + Eunectes)] at ~30.0 Mya. Red dot: the estimate age for origin of the genus Chilabothrus at ~22 Mya. The dashed line shows the age of the site of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. ~18.5 Mya, marking the oldest record of the genus. B, schematic map of the early Miocene showing the biogeographical dispersion and diversification of the genus Chilabothrus. Red arrow: probable route of dispersion via Northern South America, which is here considered the most likely based on multiple lines of evidence, including genetic divergence, oceanic current patterns, incidence of vertebrates taxa and estimated dispersal time of initial dispersion ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996, 2001; Reynolds et al., 2013). Green arrow: alternative route of dispersion to the West Indian Island complex from the Central America, estimate dispersal time of ~22 Mya (Hedges, 1996). Pink arrow: route of dispersion from North America, hypothesis based on Tolson (1987) due to the presence of Pseudoepicrates, considered unlikely here. Orange arrow: second dispersal event of Chilabothrus stanolseni comb. nov. to the North American Territory from the West Indies (estimated age of at least ~18.5 Mya). Blue arrow: dispersion throughout the West Indies' island complex, prefacing the diversification of the current extant species of the insular complex (estimated age since ~22 Mya to the Holocene). Hypothesis adapted from Reynolds et al. (2013). Paleomap reconstruction based on Scotese (2010).

Figure 9 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 9. Comparison between the holotype of P. stanolseni MCZ 1977 and an anterior vertebra of B. constrictor MCN. D. 333. Note differences such as the neural spine orientation; the presence of epizygapophyseal process in B. constrictor; the zygosphene roof morphology; and the shallow posterodorsal notch of P. stanolseni. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 1 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 1. Mid-precloacal vertebra of Boa constrictor (MCN.D. 344). A, showing the anatomical features and terminology adopted in the work. Abbreviations are given in the relevant section. B, quantitative proportions and measurements employed in the present work. Anatomical views of the vertebra is present below each image. Scale bar: 10 mm.

Figure 2 in Systematic revision of the early Miocene fossil Pseudoepicrates (Serpentes: Boidae): implications for the evolution and historical biogeography of the West Indian boid snakes (Chilabothrus)

Figure 2. Isolated precloacal vertebrae attributed to Pseudoepicrates stanolseni. A, anterior precloacal vertebra MCZ 1977; B, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1977 (holotype) evidencing its morphological structures; C, mid-precloacal vertebra of MCZ 1978 'barbouri' material; D, schematic drawing outline of MCZ 1978 evidencing its morphological structures. Anatomical views of the vertebrae are sorted in each column. Scale bar: 5 mm. Abbreviations in the anatomical abbreviations' section.

Figure 9 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 9. Macrocalamus tweediei. Top and middle: dorsum and venter of adult (LSUHC 11706) from Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Pahang. Lower left and right: dorsum and venter of juvenile (LSUHC 11705) from Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Pahang. Photographs by Evan Quah.

Figure 6 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 6. Macrocalamus cf. emas from Ulu Kali, Genting Highlands, Pahang. Dorsum (top), head (middle) and venter (bottom). Photographs by Kurt H.P. Guek.

Figure 18 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 18. Top left and right: dorsum and venter of holotype of Macrocalamus vogeli (BMNH1968.764). Bottom: lateral view of head of holotype of M. vogeli (BMNH1968.764). Photographs by Patrick Campbell.

Figure 17 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 17. Top left: dorsal view of head of holotype of Macrocalamus jasoni (BM 1967.2283). Top right: dorsal view of head of paratype of M. jasoni (BM 1967.2285). Middle left: ventral view of head of holotype of M. jasoni (BM 1967.2283). Middle right: ventral view of head of paratype of M. jasoni (BM 1967.2284). Bottom left: lateral view of head of holotype of M. jasoni (BM 1967.2283). Bottom right: lateral view of head of paratype of M. jasoni (BM 1967.2284). Photographs by Patrick Campbell.

Figure 8 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 8. Lateral head views of the Macrocalamus lateralis, Collorhabdium williamsoni and Macrocalamus emas, highlighting the relative position of head scales. Abbreviations: L, loreal; P, parietal; PF, prefrontal; PN, posterior nasal; PPa, paraparietal; SL, supralabial; T, temporal.

Figure 13 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 13. Top and middle: dorsum and venter of adult female Macrocalamus chanardi (LSUHC 12572) from Gunung Jerai, Kedah. Lower left and right: dorsum and venter of adult male M. chanardi (LSUHC 12573) from Gunung Jerai, Kedah. Photographs by Evan Quah.

Figure 10 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 10. Top and bottom: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus gentingensis (USMHC 1772) from Genting Highlands, Pahang. Photographs by Evan Quah.

Figure 2 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 2. Distribution of Collorhabdium williamsoni and Macrocalamus species in the Malay Peninsula. The tree was extracted from the maximum likelihood phylogram in Figure 1. Branch lengths do not represent genetic distance.

Figure 5 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 5. Top: dorsum of female paratype of Macrocalamus emas (USMHC 1956). Middle and bottom: dorsum and venter of female paratype of M. emas (USMHC 1867). All specimens are from Gunung Brinchang, Cameron Highlands. Photographs by Evan Quah.

Figure 12 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 12. Top and bottom: dorsum and venter of Macrocalamus chanardi (LSUHC 12109) from Bukit Larut, Perak. Photographs by Evan Quah.

Figure 1 in Systematics and natural history of mountain reed snakes (genus Macrocalamus; Calamariinae)

Figure 1. Maximum likelihood phylogram of the genus Macrocalamus based on the Cytb gene, with Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values, respectively.